Torah Reading for Purim
Torah Reading for Purim
Shemot (Exodus) Chapter 17
8Amalek came and fought against Israel in Refidim. |
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חוַיָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק וַיִּלָּ֥חֶם עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בִּרְפִידִֽם: |
וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק וגו' - Amalek came… The
Torah places this section next to the previous verse,
as if God were saying: I am always among you and ready to
provide for all your needs, and yet you say: “Is God
present among us or not?” I swear by your lives that the
dog, Amalek, will now come and bite you so that you cry out
to Me and realize where I am. This may be compared to a man who put his son
on his shoulders and set out on a journey. The son saw an object on
the way and said, “Father, pick up this object and give it to
me,” and he gave it to him; and so a second time and
so a third time. They then met a man and the
son asked him, “Have you seen my father?” His father then said
to him, “Don’t you know where I am?!” So he threw him off
his shoulders and a dog came and bit him. |
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וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק וגו'. סָמַךְ פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ לְמִקְרָא זֶה, לוֹמַר, תָּמִיד אֲנִי בֵינֵיכֶם וּמְזֻמָּן לְכָל צָרְכֵּיכֶם וְאַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים הֲיֵשׁ ה' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם אָיִן, חַיֵּיכֶם שֶׁהַכֶּלֶב בָּא וְנוֹשֵׁךְ אֶתְכֶם וְאַתֶּם צוֹעֲקִים לִי וְתֵדְעוּ הֵיכָן אֲנִי? מָשָׁל לְאָדָם שֶׁהִרְכִּיב בְּנוֹ עַל כְּתֵפוֹ וְיָצָא לַדֶּרֶךְ, הָיָה אוֹתוֹ הַבֵּן רוֹאֶה חֵפֶץ וְאוֹמֵר, אַבָּא טֹל חֵפֶץ זֶה וְתֵן לִי וְהוּא נוֹתֵן לוֹ, וְכֵן שְׁנִיָּה, וְכֵן שְׁלִישִׁית, פָּגְעוּ בְאָדָם אֶחָד אָמַר לוֹ אוֹתוֹ הַבֵּן, רָאִיתָ אֶת אַבָּא? אָמַר לוֹ אָבִיו, אֵינְךָ יוֹדֵעַ הֵיכָן אֲנִי? הִשְׁלִיכוֹ מֵעָלָיו וּבָא הַכֶּלֶב וּנְשָׁכוֹ (תנחומא יתרו): |
9Moses said to Joshua, “Choose men for us and go out
and fight against Amalek. Tomorrow I will station myself at the top of the
hill with the staff of God in my hand.” |
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טוַיֹּ֨אמֶר משֶׁ֤ה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ בְּחַר־לָ֣נוּ אֲנָשִׁ֔ים וְצֵ֖א הִלָּחֵ֣ם בַּֽעֲמָלֵ֑ק מָחָ֗ר אָֽנֹכִ֤י נִצָּב֙ עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ הַגִּבְעָ֔ה וּמַטֵּ֥ה הָֽאֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּיָדִֽי: |
בְּחַר־לָנוּ - Choose for
us - i.e., for me and for you. Moses thus treated Joshua as
equal to himself. From here our sages derived the saying:
“Let your student’s honor be as dear to you as your own.” 1 And from where do we
derive the continuation of that Mishnah: “and your colleague’s
honor be like the reverence for your teacher”? For it says: “Aaron said to
Moses, ‘Please, my master’.” 2 Was not Aaron older than
his brother, Moses? Nevertheless he treated his
colleague as if he were his teacher. And from where do
we derive the last part of that Mishnah: “and the reverence
for your teacher be like the reverence for God”? For it says: “Moses, my
master! Eliminate them!” 3 – remove them from the
world, for they deserve annihilation; those who rebel
against you are as if they had rebelled against the Holy One, blessed be He. |
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בְּחַר־לָנוּ. לִי וּלְךָ – הִשְׁוָהוּ לוֹ; מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים יְהִי כְבוֹד תַּלְמִידְךָ חָבִיב עָלֶיךָ כְּשֶׁלָּךְ; וּכְבוֹד חֲבֵרְךָ כְּמוֹרָא רַבָּךְ מִנַּיִן? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וַיֹּאמֶר אַהֲרֹן אֶל מֹשֶׁה בִּי אֲדֹנִי", וַהֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן גָּדוֹל מֵאָחִיו הָיָה וְעוֹשֶׂה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ כְּרַבּוֹ. וּמוֹרָא רַבָּךְ כְּמוֹרָא שָׁמַיִם מִנַּיִן? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "אֲדֹנִי מֹשֶׁה כְּלָאֵם" – כַּלֵּם מִן הָעוֹלָם, חַיָּבִין הֵם כְּלָיָה, הַמּוֹרְדִים בְּךָ כְּאִלּוּ מָרְדוּ בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: |
וְצֵא הִלָּחֵם - And go out and
fight - i.e., go out of the protection of the
cloud and fight against them. |
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וְצֵא הִלָּחֵם. צֵא מִן הֶעָנָן וְהִלָּחֵם בּוֹ: |
מָחָר - Tomorrow - at
the time of battle, “I will station myself.” |
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מָחָר. בְּעֵת הַמִּלְחָמָה, אָנֹכִי נִצָּב: |
בְּחַר־לָנוּ אֲנָשִׁים - Choose for us
men - i.e., mighty ones who are also sin-fearing,
so that their merit aid them. Another explanation: “choose for us men” who
know how to counteract witchcraft, for the Amalekites were sorcerers. |
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בְּחַר־לָנוּ אֲנָשִׁים. גִּבּוֹרִים וְיִרְאֵי חֵטְא שֶׁתְּהֵא זְכוּתָן מְסַיַּעְתָּן. דָּבָר אַחֵר – בְּחַר לָנוּ אֲנָשִׁים שֶׁיּוֹדְעִין לְבַטֵּל כְּשָׁפִים, לְפִי שֶׁבְּנֵי עֲמָלֵק מְכַשְּׁפִין הָיוּ: |
10Joshua did as Moses had told him, to fight against
Amalek, while Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. |
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יוַיַּ֣עַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמַר־לוֹ֙ משֶׁ֔ה לְהִלָּחֵ֖ם בַּֽעֲמָלֵ֑ק וּמשֶׁה֙ אַֽהֲרֹ֣ן וְח֔וּר עָל֖וּ רֹ֥אשׁ הַגִּבְעָֽה: |
וּמשֶׁה אַֽהֲרֹן וְחוּר - While Moses,
Aaron, and Hur. From here we learn that at a public fast
three people must lead the prayers, for here, too, they were
fasting. |
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וּמשֶׁה אַֽהֲרֹן וְחוּר. מִכָּאן לְתַעֲנִית שֶׁצְּרִיכִים שְׁלֹשָׁה לַעֲבֹר לִפְנֵי הַתֵּבָה, שֶׁבְּתַעֲנִית הָיוּ שְׁרוּיִים (מכילתא): |
חוּר - Hur. He was
the son of Miriam, and Caleb was her husband. |
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חוּר. בְּנָהּ שֶׁל מִרְיָם הָיָה וְכָלֵב בַּעְלָהּ (סוטה י"א): |
Footnotes
Avot 4:12.
Shemot (Exodus) Chapter 17
11Whenever Moses raised his arm, Israel prevailed. But
whenever he lowered his arm, Amalek prevailed. |
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יאוְהָיָ֗ה כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֨ר יָרִ֥ים משֶׁ֛ה יָד֖וֹ וְגָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְכַֽאֲשֶׁ֥ר יָנִ֛יחַ יָד֖וֹ וְגָבַ֥ר עֲמָלֵֽק: |
כַּֽאֲשֶׁר יָרִים משֶׁה יָדוֹ - Then,
whenever Moses raised his arm. “Was it then Moses’ hands that
accomplished victory in the battle?!” etc., as is stated in Tractate Rosh
Hashanah. 1 |
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כַּֽאֲשֶׁר יָרִים משֶׁה יָדוֹ. וְכִי יָדָיו שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה נוֹצְחוֹת הָיוּ הַמִּלְחָמָה וְכוּ' כִּדְאִיתָא בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה: |
12Moses’ hands became heavy. So they took a stone and
placed it under him and he sat on it. Aaron and Hur supported his hands, one
on each side, and he remained with his hands steady until
the sun set. |
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יבוִידֵ֤י משֶׁה֙ כְּבֵדִ֔ים וַיִּקְחוּ־אֶ֛בֶן וַיָּשִׂ֥ימוּ תַחְתָּ֖יו וַיֵּ֣שֶׁב עָלֶ֑יהָ וְאַֽהֲרֹ֨ן וְח֜וּר תָּֽמְכ֣וּ בְיָדָ֗יו מִזֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּמִזֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד וַיְהִ֥י יָדָ֛יו אֱמוּנָ֖ה עַד־בֹּ֥א הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ: |
וִידֵי משֶׁה כְּבֵדִים - Moses’ hands
became heavy. Because he was remiss by not himself physically
carrying out God’s command to wage war with Amalek and
had appointed someone else in his place, his hands became heavy. |
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וִידֵי משֶׁה כְּבֵדִים. בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁנִּתְעַצֵּל בַּמִּצְוָה וּמִנָּה אַחֵר תַּחְתָּיו, נִתְיַקְּרוּ יָדָיו: |
וַיִּקְחוּ־ -
So they took - i.e., Aaron and Hur. |
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וַיִּקְחוּ־. אַהֲרֹן וְחוּר: |
אֶבֶן וַיָּשִׂימוּ תַחְתָּיו - A stone and
placed it under him - but he would not sit on a cushion or pillow, for he
said, “Israel is suffering. I, too, will suffer along with them.” |
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אֶבֶן וַיָּשִׂימוּ תַחְתָּיו. וְלֹא יָשַׁב לוֹ עַל כַּר וָכֶסֶת. אָמַר: יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁרוּיִין בְּצַעַר, אַף אֲנִי אֶהְיֶה עִמָּהֶם בְּצַעַר (תענית י"א): |
וַיְהִי יָדָיו אֱמוּנָה - (lit.) And
he was, his hands, faith - means “and Moses
remained such that his hands were in faith,” i.e., spread
heavenward in steady and confident prayer. |
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וַיְהִי יָדָיו אֱמוּנָה. וַיְהִי מֹשֶׁה יָדָיו בֶּאֱמוּנָה, פְּרוּשׂוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם בִּתְפִלָּה נֶאֱמָנָה וּנְכוֹנָה: |
עַד־בֹּא הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ - Until the
sun set - for the Amalekites had determined at what point they would win
by calculating the hours through astrology, so Moses made the sun stand still
for them and confused the hours. |
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עַד־בֹּא הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ. שֶׁהָיוּ עֲמָלֵקִים מְחַשְּׁבִין אֶת הַשָּׁעוֹת בָּאִיצְטְרוּלוֹגִיאָה, בְּאֵיזוֹ שָׁעָה הֵם נוֹצְחִים, וְהֶעֱמִיד לָהֶם מֹשֶׁה חַמָּה וְעִרְבֵּב אֶת הַשָּׁעוֹת (תנחומא): |
13Joshua weakened Amalek and his people by the sword. |
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יגוַיַּֽחֲל֧שׁ יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ אֶת־עֲמָלֵ֥ק וְאֶת־עַמּ֖וֹ לְפִי־חָֽרֶב: |
וַיַּֽחֲלשׁ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ - Joshua
weakened [Amalek]. He cut off the heads of the strong among them and
left only the weak, but did not kill all of them. From here we learn
that Joshua’s soldiers were acting according to Divine
instruction. |
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וַיַּֽחֲלשׁ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. חָתַךְ רָאשֵׁי גִבּוֹרָיו וְלֹא הִשְׁאִיר אֶלָּא חַלָּשִׁים שֶׁבָּהֶם, וְלֹא הֲרָגָם כֻּלָּם, מִכָּאן אָנוּ לְמֵדִים שֶׁעָשׂוּ עַל פִּי הַדִּבּוּר שֶׁל שְׁכִינָה (שם): |
Footnotes
Rosh Hashanah 29a.
Shemot (Exodus) Chapter 17
14God said to Moses, “Write this down as a remembrance
in the scroll. Explain clearly to Joshua that I wish to utterly erase the
memory of Amalek from under the heavens.” |
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ידוַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהֹוָ֜ה אֶל־ משֶׁ֗ה כְּתֹ֨ב זֹ֤את זִכָּרוֹן֙ בַּסֵּ֔פֶר וְשִׂ֖ים בְּאָזְנֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֑עַ כִּֽי־מָחֹ֤ה אֶמְחֶה֙ אֶת־זֵ֣כֶר עֲמָלֵ֔ק מִתַּ֖חַת הַשָּׁמָֽיִם: |
כְּתֹב זֹאת זִכָּרוֹן - Write this down as
a remembrance - that Amalek came to attack Israel before any other
nation. |
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כְּתֹב זֹאת זִכָּרוֹן. שֶׁבָּא עֲמָלֵק לְהִזְדַּוֵּג לְיִשְׂרָאֵל קֹדֶם לְכָל הָאֻמּוֹת: |
וְשִׂים בְּאָזְנֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ - Explain clearly to
Joshua - who will lead Israel into the Land of Israel –
that he should instruct Israel to give Amalek his
recompense. Here it was hinted to Moses that Joshua, and not he, would
lead Israel into the Land of Israel. |
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וְשִׂים בְּאָזְנֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. הַמַּכְנִיס אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, שֶׁיְּצַוֶּה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ אֶת גְּמוּלוֹ; כָּאן נִרְמַז לוֹ לְמֹשֶׁה שֶׁיְּהוֹשֻׁעַ מַכְנִיס אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ (שם): |
כִּֽי־מָחֹה אֶמְחֶה - That I wish to
utterly erase - i.e., for this reason I am charging
you to do this, because I wish to wipe out Amalek. |
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כִּֽי־מָחֹה אֶמְחֶה. לְכָךְ אֲנִי מַזְהִירְךָ כֵּן, כִּי חָפֵץ אֲנִי לִמְחוֹתוֹ: |
15Moses built an altar and gave it a name that made people proclaim,
“God is my Miracle.” |
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טווַיִּ֥בֶן משֶׁ֖ה מִזְבֵּ֑חַ וַיִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ יְהֹוָ֥ה | נִסִּֽי: |
וַיִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ - (lit.) And
its name called - i.e., the name of the altar. |
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וַיִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ. שֶׁל מִזְבֵּחַ: |
ה' נִסִּֽי - God is my
Miracle - i.e., the Holy One, blessed be He, has
performed for us here a great miracle. It was not that the altar was called
“God,” but that whoever mentions the name of the altar thereby remembers
the miracle that the Omnipresent performed and in recognition of
this also says, “God is our Miracle.” |
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ה' נִסִּֽי. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עָשָׂה לָנוּ כָּאן נֵס. לֹא שֶׁהַמִּזְבֵּחַ קָרוּי ה', אֶלָּא הַמַּזְכִּיר שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מִזְבֵּחַ זוֹכֵר אֶת הַנֵּס שֶׁעָשָׂה הַמָּקוֹם – ה' הוּא נֵס שֶׁלָּנוּ: |
16He said, “The hand of God is raised
in oath on God’s throne to swear by it: God will remain
at war with Amalek from generation to generation.” |
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טזוַיֹּ֗אמֶר כִּי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַֽיהֹוָ֖ה בַּֽעֲמָלֵ֑ק מִדֹּ֖ר דֹּֽר: |
וַיֹּאמֶר - He then said - i.e., Moses. |
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וַיֹּאמֶר. מֹשֶׁה: |
כִּי־יָד עַל־כֵּס יָהּ - (lit.) For
a hand is upon God’s throne - means: “for the
hand of the Holy One, blessed be He, is raised to swear by His throne that He
will wage war and enmity against Amalek forever.” Now, why is the
incomplete form כֵּס used, and it does not
say the full form כִּסֵּא as would be expected (to indicate
the severity of the oath), and why is the Divine Name
(יהוה)
also halved and written יָהּ? The
answer is: The Holy One, blessed be He, swore that His Name will not
be complete, nor His throne complete, until the name of Amalek is entirely
annihilated; but when his name will be annihilated, the Divine Name
will be complete and His throne will be complete, as it
says: 1 “The
enemy whose swords of hatred were against us for eternity is
destroyed” – this is referring to Amalek, about whom it is
written: “and his wrath is held for eternity” 2 – “and You
uprooted their cities so that their memory has vanished.”
What does it say afterwards? “God will then be enthroned forever” – i.e.,
the Divine Name will be complete – “His
Throne established (כִּסְאוֹ)
for judgment” – i.e., the Divine Throne will be complete. |
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כִּי־יָד עַל־כֵּס יָהּ. יָדוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הוּרְמָה לִשָּׁבַע בְּכִסְאוֹ לִהְיוֹת לוֹ מִלְחָמָה וְאֵיבָה בַעֲמָלֵק עוֹלָמִית, וּמַהוּ כֵּס וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר כִּסֵּא? וְאַף הַשֵּׁם נֶחֱלַק לְחֶצְיוֹ? נִשְׁבַּע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁאֵין שְׁמוֹ שָׁלֵם וְאֵין כִּסְאוֹ שָׁלֵם עַד שֶׁיִּמָּחֶה שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק כֻּלּוֹ, וּכְשֶׁיִּמָּחֶה שְׁמוֹ יִהְיֶה הַשֵּׁם שָׁלֵם וְהַכִּסֵּא שָׁלֵם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "הָאוֹיֵב תַּמּוּ חֳרָבוֹת לָנֶצַח" (תהלים ט'), זֶהוּ עֲמָלֵק שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ "וְעֶבְרָתוֹ שְׁמָרָה נֶצַח" (עמוס א'), "וְעָרִים נָתַשְׁתָּ אָבַד זִכְרָם הֵמָּה" (תהלים שם), מַהוּ אוֹמֵר אַחֲרָיו? "וַה' לְעוֹלָם יֵשֵׁב" — הֲרֵי הַשֵּׁם שָׁלֵם, "כּוֹנֵן לַמִּשְׁפָּט כִּסְאוֹ" — הֲרֵי כִּסְּאוֹ שָׁלֵם: |
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