Sefaria Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 3:1 Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, 1999-2015
Sefaria Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 3:1 Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, 1999-2015
Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit
Talmud
Sheviit (“Seventh”) is a tractate in Seder Zeraim (“Order of Seeds”). It discusses the biblically-mandated seventh year of the agricultural cycle, known as the Shemitah year, when working the land is prohibited, produce that grows on the land takes on a sacred status, and debts are forgiven. The tractate’s ten chapters address details such as types of prohibited agricultural practices, timelines of prohibitions, and the places in which Shemitah applies.
Composed: Talmudic Israel (c.375 - c.425 CE)נוצר/נערך: ישראל התלמודית (375 - 425 לספירה בקירוב)
Current Version
Current Translation
Source: nli.org.il
Digitization: Sefaria
License: CC-BY
Revision History
Ariel your Representee,
Representee of Ephraim and adviser (not a rabbi but friendly adviser) for Bet Yisrael international on the Har HaBayit and to all the Israeli people.
I am born in Holland and became on a later age a Ba’al Teshuva: Originally, the term referred to a Jew who transgressed the halacha (Jewish law) knowingly or unknowingly and completed a process of introspection to "return" to the full observance of Elohim's mitzvot. Read my story.
1B
בְּאִיסּוּר שְׁנֵי פְרָקִים מַהוּ שֶׁיְּהֵא מוּתָּר לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּסֶדֶר הַזֶּה. נִישְׁמְעִינָהּ מִן הָדָא מוֹכְרִין וּמוֹצִיאִין זְבָלִים עִם הָעוֹשִׂין שְׁבִיעִית עַד רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה. עִם הַגּוֹי וְעִם הַכּוּתִי אֲפִילוּ בִּשְׁבִיעִית וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִפְרוֹק אֶת הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת. לֹא אָמַר אֶלָּא וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְפָרֵיק אֶת הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת. הָא לָצֵאת מוֹצִיא הָדָא אָֽמְרָה שֶׁהוּא מוּתָּר. וְאִין תֵּימַר שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר יְהֵא אָסוּר מִלְּהוֹצִיא.
May one do that during the prohibition of the first two terms8Chapter 1, Note 4.? Let us hear from the following9A different text is in Tosephta 1:4: “One sells and transports manure from a Jew suspected of violating the Sabbatical before the Sabbatical year; from a Gentile or a Samaritan it is permitted even during the Sabbatical. How long may one fertilize? Anytime one may plough one may fertilize.”
Since the agricultural Sabbatical is certainly rabbinic, if there is no Jubilee year and no Temple the Samaritans are not bound by its rules. The language of the Tosephta binds the prohibition of fertilizing to that of ploughing; when the two terms were abolished for ploughing they automatically were abolished for fertilizing.: “One may sell and transport manure with those who work during the Sabbatical year until the New Year, with a Gentile and a Samaritan even during the Sabbatical year on condition that he not unload the boxes.” It said only, “on condition that he not unload the boxes,” hence he is permitted to transport. That means it is permitted10Since the condition that one may not unload is stipulated only for working with a Gentile during the Sabbatical but does not apply to working with a Jew suspected of violating the rules of the Sabbatical. Then certainly he is permitted to transport and unload for himself.. If you say it is forbidden, he should be forbidden to transport.
Since the agricultural Sabbatical is certainly rabbinic, if there is no Jubilee year and no Temple the Samaritans are not bound by its rules. The language of the Tosephta binds the prohibition of fertilizing to that of ploughing; when the two terms were abolished for ploughing they automatically were abolished for fertilizing.: “One may sell and transport manure with those who work during the Sabbatical year until the New Year, with a Gentile and a Samaritan even during the Sabbatical year on condition that he not unload the boxes.” It said only, “on condition that he not unload the boxes,” hence he is permitted to transport. That means it is permitted10Since the condition that one may not unload is stipulated only for working with a Gentile during the Sabbatical but does not apply to working with a Jew suspected of violating the rules of the Sabbatical. Then certainly he is permitted to transport and unload for himself.. If you say it is forbidden, he should be forbidden to transport.
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מִשֶּׁיָּבַשׁ הַמָּתוֹק. פְּקוּעָה. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא הָהֵן פְּקוּעָה דְבִקְעָתָה.
“When the colocynth dried up.” Citrullus colocynthis. Rebbi Mana said, that means the colocynth of the open field11Not the colocynth of a watered garden plot which may grow throughout the entire year..
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מִשֶּׁיִּקָּשֵׁר. מִשֶּׁיַּעֲשֶׂה קְשָׁרִים קְשָׁרִים. אָמַר רִבִּי חֲנַנְיָה מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּתְקַשֵּׁר בּוֹ קֶשֶׁר הָעֶלְיוֹן מִיַּד הוּא יָבֵשׁ. וְתַנִּי עֲלָהּ קְרוֹבִין דִּבְרֵיהֶן לִהְיוֹת שָׁוִין.
“When it forms its fruit.” When it forms many fruits. Rebbi Ḥananiah said, when its uppermost fruit is fully formed, it immediately dries up. About this we have stated: Their statements12Rebbis Jehudah and Yose. are close to each other.
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אָמַר רִבִּי ירְמְיָה בְּפוֹחֵת מִן הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת הָא שְׁתַּיִם מוּתָּר. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בָּעֵי. אִם בְּפָּחוֹת מִן הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת הָא שְׁתַּיִם אָסוּר. אֶלָּא כִּי נָן קַייָמִין בְּעוֹשֶׂה יוֹתֵר מִן כְּשִׁיעוּר כְּהָדָה דְתַנֵּי אֵין מוֹסִיפִין לֹא עַל הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת וְלֹא עַל הָאַשְׁפָּתוֹת דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים מוֹסִיפִין עַל הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת וְאֵין מוֹסִיפִין עַל הָאַשְׁפָּתוֹת. וּמוֹסִיפִין עַל הַמַּשְׁפֵּלוֹת לֹא בִכְשִׁיעוּר. וְדִכְװָתָהּ מוֹצִיאִין עַל הָאַשְׁפָּתוֹת אֲפִילוּ בִכְשִׁיעוּר.
Rebbi Jeremiah said, if he uses fewer boxes; hence, two are permitted13Since the Mishnah discusses the number of dungheaps and their size and then discusses whether one may add to the numbers stated, but does not discuss whether one may make smaller dungheaps, it follows that one may not make dungheaps of smaller size because that would look like fertilizing one’s field. It seems that the Mishnah insists only on a minimal size, not on a minimal number of dungheaps.. Rebbi Yose questioned, if he uses fewer boxes, then two should be forbidden14A possible interpretation of the Mishnah is that one may not start dungheaps on the field (for next year’s use) unless the total amount is 30 letekh, 450 seah. Then making only two standard sized dungheaps would be forbidden.. But where do we hold? If he exceeds the measure15If he uses boxes holding more than 10 letekh each., as we have stated16Tosephta 2:14. The opinion of the Sages is there attributed to R. Jehudah; R. Simeon permits more, but not fewer, dungheaps.: “Rebbi Meïr says, one may not add boxes or dungheaps, but the Sages say, one may add boxes but not dungheaps.” If one adds boxes, are they not of full measure17Since a dungheap may contain more than 150 seah, one may make two dungheaps only on condition that together they contain at least 450 seah.? Similarly, one brings out to the dungheap even full measures18This refers to the next Mishnah where it is stated that one may gradually build up one’s dungheap after the agricultural season. Even though the Mishnah speaks of “a little”, it may be as much as a full single basket at one time and still people will not think that he is going to fertilize his field in the Sabbatical year..
משנה: עוֹשֶׂה אָדָם אֶת שָׂדֵהוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁלֹשׁ אַשְׁפָּתוֹת לְבֵית סְאָה יוֹתֵר מִכֵּן אָסוּר דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמִיק שְׁלֹשָׁה אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּגְבִּיהַּ שְׁלֹֹשָׁה. עוֹשֶׂה אָדָם אֶת זְבָלוֹ אוֹצָר רִבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמִיק שְׁלֹשָׁה אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּגְבִּיהַּ שְׁלֹשָׁה. הָיָה לוֹ דָבָר מוּעָט מוֹסִיף עָלָיו וְהוֹלֵךְ רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמִיקוֹ אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּגְבִּיהַּ שְׁלֹשָׁה אוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּתֵּן עַל הַסֶּלַע.
MISHNAH: A person may fill his entire field with dungheaps, three each per bet seah; more is forbidden20The manuscript tradition here is thoroughly unsatisfactory. The text is that of the Leyden ms. In the Rome ms., some Mishnah mss., and the standard printed Mishnah the text reads יתר מכן מחציב דברי ר׳ שמעון “more than that he chisels, the words of R. Simeon”; that text makes no sense at all. Most Mishnah mss. read simply יתר מכן דברי ר׳ שמעון; one Genizah fragment reads ויתיר, which seems to be the reading underlying the Yerushalmi Halakhah and the commentaries of Maimonides, R. Simson of Sens and R. Isaac Simponti: “even more, the words of R. Simeon.” This is the only text compatible with the opinion of R. Simeon as given in the Tosephta (Note 16)., the words of Rebbi Simeon. But the Sages say21In all Mishnah mss. except the Leyden ms. (and that of R. S. Cirillo), the reading is אוסרין “(the Sages) forbid it.” This is also the Leyden text in the Halakhah., only if he raises or lowers it by three [hand-breadths]22One may not put more than three dungheaps on one field, even one much larger than a bet seah, unless it is shown that the intent is for dungheaps, not for a fraudulent fertilizing of the field by making as many dungheaps as possible that automatically will fertilize the soil beneath. The dungheaps are only permitted if the soil beneath them is visibly higher or lower than the surrounding field.. A person may store his entire manure together22One may not put more than three dungheaps on one field, even one much larger than a bet seah, unless it is shown that the intent is for dungheaps, not for a fraudulent fertilizing of the field by making as many dungheaps as possible that automatically will fertilize the soil beneath. The dungheaps are only permitted if the soil beneath them is visibly higher or lower than the surrounding field.; Rebbi Meïr says only if he raises or lowers it by three [hand-breadths]. If he had little18This refers to the next Mishnah where it is stated that one may gradually build up one’s dungheap after the agricultural season. Even though the Mishnah speaks of “a little”, it may be as much as a full single basket at one time and still people will not think that he is going to fertilize his field in the Sabbatical year., he may continuously add to it; Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah says only if he raises or lowers it by three [hand-breadths] or puts it on a rock.
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Ariel your Representee,
Representee of Ephraim and adviser (not a rabbi but friendly adviser) for Bet Yisrael international on the Har HaBayit and to all the Israeli people.
I am born in Holland and became on a later age a Ba’al Teshuva: Originally, the term referred to a Jew who transgressed the halacha (Jewish law) knowingly or unknowingly and completed a process of introspection to "return" to the full observance of Elohim's mitzvot. Read my story.
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