Sefaria Midrash Tanchuma, Beha'alotcha 9-12
Sefaria Midrash Tanchuma, Beha'alotcha 9
Midrash Tanchuma
Midrash
Midrash Tanchuma is a midrash on the five books of the Torah, structured as sermons on the opening verses of each paragraph in the Torah. Named for the talmudic sage Rabbi Tanchuma, who features prominently in the text, it is also referred to as “Tanchuma-Yelammedenu” because of the prevalence of legal passages that start with the words “yelamedenu rabeinu” (teach us, our Rabbi). The dating and composition history of the Tanchuma are matters of scholarly debate.
Composed: Talmudic Babylon/Italy/Israel (c.500 - c.800 CE)נוצר/נערך: בבל / איטליה / ישראל התלמודית (500 - 800 לספירה בקירוב)
Current Version
Current Translation
Source: primo.nli.org.il
Digitization: Sefaria
License: CC-BY
Beha'alotcha, Siman 9
וַיְדַבֵּר ה' וְגוֹ'. עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שְׁתֵּי חֲצוֹצְרוֹת כֶּסֶף. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: שְׁאוּ שְׁעָרִים רָאשֵׁיכֶם וְהִנָּשְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵי עוֹלָם (שם כד, ז). בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהִכְנִיס שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת הָאֲרוֹן לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, הִתְחִיל שְׁלֹמֹה אוֹמֵר, שְׁאוּ שְׁעָרִים רָאשֵׁיכֶם וְגוֹ', שֶׁהָיוּ הַפְּתָחִים שְׁפָלִים, וְאָמַר, הִנָּשְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵי עוֹלָם וְיָבֹא מֶלֶךְ הַכָּבוֹד. אָמְרוּ לוֹ הַשְּׁעָרִים, מִי הוּא זֶה מֶלֶךְ הַכָּבוֹד. בִּקְּשׁוּ הַשְּׁעָרִים לֵירֵד עָלָיו וְלָרֹץ אֶת רֹאשׁוֹ אִלּוּלֵי שֶׁאָמַר, ה' צְבָאוֹת הוּא מֶלֶךְ הַכָּבוֹד סֶלָה. חָזַר וְאָמַר, ה' עִזּוּז וְגִבּוֹר וְגוֹ', שְׁאוּ שְׁעָרִים רָאשֵׁיכֶם. אָמַר לָהֶם: הִתְגַּדְּלוּ שֶׁמֶּלֶךְ הַכָּבוֹד עֲלֵיכֶם. מִיַּד חָלְקוּ לוֹ כָּבוֹד וְנָשְׂאוּ עַצְמָן וְנִכְנַס הָאֲרוֹן. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַתֶּם חֲלַקְתֶּם לִי כָּבוֹד, חַיֵּיכֶם, כְּשֶׁאַחְרִיב אֶת בֵּיתִי אֵין אָדָם שׁוֹלֵט בָּכֶם. תֵּדַע, שֶׁכָּל כְּלֵי בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ גָּלוּ לְבָבֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְיִתֵּן ה' בְּיָדוֹ אֶת יְהוֹיָקִים מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה וּמִקְצָת כְּלֵי בֵית הָאֱלֹהִים וַיְבִיאֵם אֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר (דניאל א, ב). אֲבָל שַׁעֲרֵי בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, בִּמְקוֹמָן נִגְנְזוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: טָבְעוּ בָאָרֶץ שְׁעָרֶיהָ (איכה ב, ט). מַהוּ ה' צְבָאוֹת הוּא מֶלֶךְ הַכָּבוֹד סֶלָה (תהלים כד, י). שֶׁהוּא חוֹלֵק מִכְּבוֹדוֹ לִירֵאָיו. כֵּיצַד, הוּא נִקְרָא אֱלֹהִים, קָרָא לְמֹשֶׁה אֱלֹהִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: רְאֵה נְתַתִּיךָ אֱלֹהִים לְפַרְעֹה (שמות ז, א). הוּא מְחַיֶּה מֵתִים, וְחָלַק מִכְּבוֹדוֹ לְאֵלִיָּהוּ וְהֶחֱיָה אֶת הַמֵּתִים. שֶׁכֵּן אוֹמֵר, וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלִיָּהוּ, רְאִי חַי בְּנֵךָ (מל״א יז, כג). וּלְמֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ מַלְבִּישׁ לְבוּשׁוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הוֹד וְהָדָר תְּשַׁוֶּה עָלָיו (תהלים כא, ו). מָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּתִיב בּוֹ, עָלָה אֱלֹהִים בִּתְרוּעָה, ה' בְּקוֹל שׁוֹפָר (שם מז, ו), וְאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה, מֶלֶךְ עֲשִׂיתִיךָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְהִי בִּישׁוּרוּן מֶלֶךְ (דברים לג, ה). מַה מֶּלֶךְ כְּשֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא תּוֹקְעִין לְפָנָיו, אַף אַתָּה עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שְׁתֵּי חֲצוֹצְרוֹת כֶּסֶף, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁתְּהֵא יוֹצֵא וּמַכְנִיס אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, יִהְיוּ תּוֹקְעִים בָּהֶם וְהֵן מִתְכַּנְּסִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְתָקְעוּ בָהֶן וְנוֹעֲדוּ אֵלֶיךָ. לְפִיכָךְ, עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שְׁתֵּי חֲצוֹצְרוֹת כֶּסֶף. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: יְרָא אֶת ה' בְּנִי וָמֶלֶךְ עִם שׁוֹנִים אֶל תִּתְעָרָב (משלי כד, כא). וּמַהוּ וָמֶלֶךְ, הַמְלִיכֵהוּ עָלֶיךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וָמֶלֶךְ, הַמְלֵךְ יֵצֶר טוֹב עַל יֵצֶר רַע שֶׁנִּקְרָא מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּבָא אֵלֶיהָ מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל וְסָבַב אוֹתָהּ (קהלת ט, יד). דָּבָר אַחֵר, וָמֶלֶךְ, מִן הַמֶּלֶךְ. יָכֹל אִם יֹאמַר לְךָ הַמֶּלֶךְ עֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה תִּשְׁמַע לוֹ. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: יְרָא אֶת ה' בְּנִי וָמֶלֶךְ. שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בִּנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר שֶׁאָמַר לַחֲנַנְיָה מִשָּׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְלֹא שָׁמְעוּ לוֹ, אֶלָּא אָמְרוּ לוֹ: לֵאלָהָיךְ לָא אִיתָנָא פָלְחִין, וּלְצֶלֶם דַּהֲבָא דִּי הֲקִימְתָּ לָא נִסְגָּד (דניאל ג, יח). אָמַר לָהֶם נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר, הַצְדָא שַׁדְרַךְ מֵישַׁךְ וַעֲבֵד נְגוֹ (שם פסוק יד), לֹא כָּךְ אָמַר לָכֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁתִּהְיוּ שׁוֹמְעִין לַמַּלְכוּת כָּל מַה שֶּׁהוּא אוֹמֵר לָכֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֲנִי פִּי מֶלֶךְ שְׁמֹר (קהלת ח, ב). אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַתָּה מְלֹךְ עָלֵינוּ לְמִסִּים וּלְאַרְנוּנִיּוֹת, אֲבָל לֹא לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. מַלְכָּא לֹא אָמַר, אֶלָּא נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר, אַתְּ וְכַלְבָּא שָׁוֶה. עֲנוֹ שַׁדְרַךְ מֵישַׁךְ וַעֲבֵד נְגוֹ וְאָמְרִין לְמַלְכָּא, נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר, לָא חַשְׁחִין אֲנַחְנָא עַל דְּנָה פִּתְגָּם לַהֲתָבוּתָךְ, הֵן אִיתַי אֱלָהָנָא דִּי אֲנַחְנָא פָלְחִין יָכִל לְשֵׁיזָבוּתָנָא מִן אַתּוּן נוּרָא יָקִדְתָּא וּמִן יְדָךְ מַלְכָּא יְשֵׁזִיב, וְהֵן לָא וְגוֹ' (דניאל ג, טז-יח). אָמְרוּ לוֹ: בֵּין מַצִּיל וּבֵין אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל, יְדִיעַ לֶהֱוֵא לָךְ מַלְכָּא דִּי לֵאלָהָיךְ לָא אִיתָנָא פָלְחִין וּלְצֶלֶם דַּהֲבָא דִּי הֲקִימְתָּ לָא נִסְגֻּד (שם). הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר, יְרָא אֶת ה' בְּנִי וָמֶלֶךְ. עִם שׁוֹנִים אַל תִּתְעָרָב (משלי כד, כא), שֶׁלְּכָל יְרֵאָיו נֶחְשְׁבָה יִשְׂרָאֵל חֵלֶק שְׁלִישִׁית. וְעִם אוֹתָן שֶׁאוֹמְרִין שֶׁהֵן שְׁנֵי אֱלֹהוּת בָּעוֹלָם, אֶל תִּתְעָרֵב לָהֶם, שֶׁסּוֹפָן לֵאָבֵד מִן הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָיָה בְכָל הָאָרֶץ פִּי שְׁנַיִם בָּהּ יִכָּרְתוּ יִגְוָעוּ, וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁית יִוָּתֶר בָּהּ (זכריה יג, ח). וְאֵין הַשְּׁלִישִׁית אֶלָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בְּיוֹם הַהִוא יִהְיֶה יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁלִישִׁיָּה (ישעיה יט, כד). הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר, יְרָא אֶת ה' בְּנִי וָמֶלֶךְ (משלי כד, כא). כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא יָרֵא מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, נַעֲשֶׂה מֶלֶךְ. מִמִּי אַתְּ לָמֵד. מֵאַבְרָהָם, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁנִּתְיָרֵא מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, נַעֲשָׂה מֶלֶךְ. מִנַּיִן שֶׁנִּתְיָרֵא. דִּכְתִיב: כִּי עַתָּה יָדַעְתִּי כִּי יְרֵא אֱלֹהִים אַתָּה (בראשית כב, יב). וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֶל עֵמֶק שָׁוֶה הוּא עֵמֶק הַמֶּלֶךְ (שם יד, יז). מַהוּ עֵמֶק שָׁוֶה. שֶׁהִשְׁווּ הַכֹּל וְנָטְלוּ עֵצָה שָׁם וְקָצְצוּ אֲרָזִים וְעָשׂוּ כִּסֵּא וְהוֹשִׁיבוּ אוֹתוֹ עֲלֵיהֶם מֶלֶךְ. וְלֹא תֹּאמַר אַבְרָהָם בִּלְבַד, אֶלָּא אַף מֹשֶׁה שֶׁנִּתְיָרֵא מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּסְתֵּר מֹשֶׁה פָּנָיו כִּי יָרֵא מֵהַבִּיט אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים (שמות ג, ו). וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה מֶלֶךְ. דִּכְתִיב: וַיְהִי בִּישׁוּרוּן מֶלֶךְ (דברים לג, ה). אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה, מֶלֶךְ עֲשִׂיתִיךָ. מַה מֶּלֶךְ שֶׁיּוֹצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה תּוֹקְעִין לְפָנָיו, אַף אַתָּה כְּשֶׁאַתָּה יוֹצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה, יִהְיוּ תּוֹקְעִין לְפָנֶיךָ. מִנַּיִן, מִמַּה שֶּׁקָּרְאוּ בָּעִנְיָן עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שְׁתֵּי חֲצוֹצְרוֹת כֶּסֶף.
(Numb. 10:1–2:) “Then the Lord spoke [unto Moses saying], ‘Make two silver trumpets (hatsotserot).’” This text is related (to Ps. 24:7), “O gates, lift up your heads, be lifted up, you everlasting doors, [that the King of glory may come in].” When Solomon was bringing the ark into the Temple, he began to say, “O gates, lift up your heads...,” because the openings were [too] low. [Then] he said, “Be lifted up you everlasting doors, that the King of glory may come in.” The gates said to him (in vss. 8 and 10), “Who is this king of glory? The gates immediately wanted to break his head [and would have done so,] if he had not said (in vs. 10), “The Lord of hosts, he is the King of glory. Selah.” Again he said (in vs. 8), “The Lord strong and mighty [...].” He said to them, “Expand yourselves, for the King of glory is coming upon you. They immediately showed Him honor (kavod), and raised themselves up. So the ark entered. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to them, “You have shown Me honor. Upon your lives, when I destroy My house, no one will prevail against you.” You know that all the implements of the Temple went into exile in Babylon as stated (in Dan. 1:2), “Then the Lord gave King Jehoiakim of Judah into his hand, with some of the implements from the house of God; and he brought them to the land of Shinar.” But the Temple gates were hidden in their place, as stated (in Lam. 2:9), “Her gates have sunk into the ground.” [Another interpretation:] What is the meaning (of Ps. 24:10), “the Lord of hosts, he is the King of glory. Selah?” That He imparts some of His glory to those who fear Him. How? He is called "God" (elohim, a term denoting a power), and he called Moses "elohim," as stated (in Exod. 7:1), “See I have set you as elohim to Pharaoh.” He (the Holy One, blessed be He,) causes the dead to live, and he imparted some of His glory to Elijah. Thus he (i.e., Elijah) caused the dead to live, as stated (in I Kings 17:23), “and Elijah said, ‘See your son is alive.’” Because the Holy One, blessed be He, imparts some of his glory to those who fear Him, He put His own clothing on the messianic king, as stated (in Ps. 21:6), “honor and majesty You shall lay upon him.” What is written about the Holy One, blessed be He, (in Ps. 47:6)? “God has ascended amid acclamation; the Lord with the sound of a horn (shofar).” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses, “I have made you a king. It is so stated (in Deut. 33:5), ‘Then he became king in Jeshurun.’ Just as when the king goes forth, they sound trumpets before him, so also for you, (in Numb. 10:2:), ‘Make for yourself two silver trumpets.’ [This is] so that will they sound the trumpets before you when you take out and bring in Israel, as stated (Numb.10:3), ‘And they shall blow them and the whole community shall assemble before you.’” Hence (Numb. 10:2:), “Make for yourself two silver trumpets.” This text is related (to Prov. 24:21), “Fear the Lord, my child, and the king, and do not associate with those who would differ.” But what is the meaning of “and the king?” Simply [this, to] make Him (i.e., the Holy One, blessed be He,) king over you. Another interpretation (of Prov. 24:21), “and the king”: Be king over the evil drive, which is called a king, where it is stated (in Eccl. 9:14), “[There was a little city with few people in it,] and a great king came against it […].” Another interpretation (of Prov. 24:21), “and the king.” [More] than the king: Lest it be supposed that if the king says to you, “Worship an idol,” you should heed him; the text reads (in Prov. 24:21), “Fear the Lord, my child, and the king.” Thus [when] Nebuchadnezzar told Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah to worship an idol, they did not heed him. Instead they said to him (in Dan. 3:18), “We will not serve your gods, nor will we pay homage to the image of gold which you have set up.” Nebuchadnezzar said to them (in Dan. 3:14), “’Is it true, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego?’ Did not the Holy One, blessed be He, say this to you that you should obey royalty in whatever it tells you, where it is stated (in Eccl. 8:2), ‘I [say], “Keep the king's command?”’” They said to him, “You are king over us for taxes and crop levies; but in regard to the service of idols, Nebuchadnezzar and a dog [have] equal [authority].” (Dan. 3:16-17:) “Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego answered and said to the king, ‘O Nebuchadnezzar, we do not need to answer you in this [matter]. If our God [whom we serve is able to save us, He shall save us from the burning fiery furnace and from your hand O king].’” They said to him, “Whether He delivers us or whether He does not deliver us (in vs. 18), ‘be it known to you, O king, that we will not serve your gods nor pay homage to the image of gold which you have set up.’” Ergo (in Prov. 24:21), “Fear the Lord, my child, and the king; and do not associate with those who would differ”; [i.e.,] in that Israel is called a third to all those that fear Him, but do not associate with those who say that there are two gods in the world, for the end of [such people] is to perish from the world. It is so stated (in Zech. 13:8), “And it shall come to pass throughout all the land, says the Lord, that two-thirds [in it] shall be cut off [and die], but one-third shall remain in it.” And who is the one-third? This is Israel as stated (in Is. 19:24), “And on that day Israel shall be a third [partner with Egypt and Assyria, a blessing in the midst of the earth].” Ergo (in Prov. 24:21), “Fear the Lord, my child, and the king.” Whoever is in fear of the Holy One, blessed be He, becomes a king. From whom did you learn [that]? From Abraham because he was in fear of the Holy One, blessed be He, and became a king. Thus it is stated (in Gen. 22:12), “for now I know that you fear God.” But where is it shown that he became a king? It is written (in Gen. 14:17), “[And the king of Sodom came out to meet him …] at the Valley of Shaveh, i.e., the valley of the king.” What is the meaning of the Valley of Shaveh (rt.: shwh?] That they all became equal (rt.: shwh). So taking counsel (or taking wood), they cut cedars, made a throne, and set him over them as king. And you should not say [this] only [in the case of] Abraham alone. In the case of Moses [as well did this happen], because he was in fear of the Holy One, blessed be He, as stated (in Exod. 3:6), “then Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God.” And where is it shown that he became a king?] Where it is stated (in Deut. 33:5), “Then he became king in Jeshurun.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses, “I have made you a king. As they blow trumpets before a king when he goes forth to war, so shall they blow trumpets before you when you go forth to war.” How is it shown? From that which they read about the matter (in Numb. 10:2), “Make two silver trumpets.”
Beha'alotcha, Siman 10
עֲשֵׂה לְךָ, מִשֶּׁלְּךָ. עֲשֵׂה לְךָ, לְךָ אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה וְאֵין אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה לְאַחֵר, אַתָּה מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן וְאֵין אַחֵר מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן. תֵּדַע לְךָ, שֶׁהֲרֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ תַּלְמִידוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה לֹא נִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן אֶלָּא בְּשׁוֹפָרוֹת. כְּשֶׁבָּא לְהִלָּחֵם בִּירִיחוֹ, נִתְכַּנְּסוּ לִירִיחוֹ שֶׁבַע אֻמּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתַּעַבְרוּ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן וַתָּבֹאוּ אֶל יְרִיחוֹ וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ בָכֶם בַּעֲלֵי יְרִיחוֹ הָאֱמֹרִי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהַגִּרְגָּשִׁי הַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי וָאֶתֵּן אוֹתָם בְּיֶדְכֶם (יהושע כד, יא). וְכִי שֶׁבַע אֻמּוֹת הָיוּ בַּעֲלֵי יְרִיחוֹ שֶׁהַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר בַּעֲלֵי יְרִיחוֹ הָאֱמֹרִי וְגוֹ'. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן, יְרִיחוֹ הָיְתָה סוֹגָרָהּ שֶׁל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמְרוּ, אִם נִכְבְּשָׁה יְרִיחוֹ, מִיָּד כָּל הָאָרֶץ נִכְבֶּשֶׁת, לְפִיכָךְ נִתְכַּנְּסוּ לְתוֹכָהּ שֶׁבַע אֻמּוֹת. וּמַה כְּתִיב שָׁם. וַיָּרַע הָעָם וַיִּתְקְעוּ בַּשּׁוֹפָרוֹת (יהושע ו, כ), מְלַמֵּד, שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ תַּלְמִידוֹ לֹא נִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן. וְלֹא תֹּאמַר, יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּלְבַד, אֶלָּא מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ עַצְמוֹ עַד שֶׁהוּא בַּחַיִּים, נִגְנְזוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק, הֲרֵי זֶה שֶׁמּשֶׁה אוֹמֵר, כְּשֶׁהוּא בָּא לְהִפָּטֵר מִן הָעוֹלָם, הַקְהִילוּ אֵלַי אֶת כָּל רָאשֵׁי שִׁבְטֵיכֶם (דברים לא, כח). וְהֵיכָן הָיוּ הַחֲצוֹצְרוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר לָהֶם תִּקְעוּ בָּהֶן וְיִתְכַּנְּסוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁעַד הוּא בְּחַיָּיו, נִגְנְזוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסַכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֵין שִׁלְטוֹן בְּיוֹם הַמָּוֶת (קהלת ח, ח). הֱוֵי, עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שְׁתֵּי חֲצוֹצְרוֹת, לְךָ אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה וְאֵין אַתָּה מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עֲשֵׂה לְךָ, אַתָּה מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן שֶׁאַתָּה מֶלֶךְ, וְאֵין אַחֵר מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן אֶלָּא דָּוִד הַמֶּלֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּעַמְדוּ הַלְּוִיִּם וְגוֹ', וְהַשִּׁיר מְשׁוֹרֵר וְהַחֲצוֹצְרוֹת מְחַצְּרִים (דה״ב כט, כו-כח). אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לַבְּרָכָה, אַף הַחֲצוֹצְרוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, נִגְנְזוּ. אֲבָל דָּוִד הַמֶּלֶךְ, הָיָה מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּכִנּוֹר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: עוּרָה כְבוֹדִי, עוּרָה הַנֵּבֶל וְכִנּוֹר (תהלים נז, ט). אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן חֲסִידָא, כִּנּוֹר הָיָה תָּלוּי לְמַעְלָה מִן מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁל דָּוִד. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ חֲצוֹת לַיְלָה, רוּחַ צְפוֹנִית מְנַשֶּׁבֶת בּוֹ וּמְנַגֵּן מֵאֵלָיו. מִיָּד הָיָה עוֹמֵד דָּוִד וְכָל תַּלְמִידָיו וְהָיוּ עוֹסְקִין בַּתּוֹרָה, וְהָיוּ יְגֵעִים וּמְנַדְּדִין שֵׁנָה מֵעֵינֵיהֶם וְהוֹגִים בַּתּוֹרָה עַד עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר. לְפִיכָךְ הָיָה אוֹמֵר דָּוִד, עוּרָה כְבוֹדִי, עוּרָה הַנֵּבֶל וְכִנּוֹר, אֲעִירָה שַׁחַר (שם). דֶּרֶךְ הַשַּׁחַר לִהְיוֹת מְעוֹרֵר בְּנֵי אָדָם, אֲבָל אֲנִי מְעוֹרֵר אֶת הַשַּׁחַר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עוּרָה כְבוֹדִי. מַהוּ כְּבוֹדִי. מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד יוֹצְרִי. שֶׁהָיָה יִצְרוֹ אוֹמֵר לוֹ: דָּוִד, הֲלֹא אַתָּה מֶלֶךְ. דֶּרֶךְ הַמְּלָכִים לִהְיוֹת יְשֵׁנִים עַד שָׁלֹש שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם, וְלָמָּה אַתָּה עוֹמֵד חֲצוֹת לַיְלָה. וְהָיָה אוֹמֵר לוֹ: עוּרָה כְבוֹדִי. אֵין כְּבוֹדְךָ לִפְנֵי כְּבוֹד יוֹצְרְךָ כְּלוּם. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: עוּרָה כְבוֹדִי וְגוֹ'. חֲצוֹת לַיְלָה אָקוּם לְהוֹדוֹת לְךָ (תהלים קיט, סב). אָמַר דָּוִד, חַיָּב אֲנִי לַעֲמֹד בַּחֲצוֹת הַלַּיְלָה וּלְקַלֶּסְךָ עַל פְּלָאוֹת שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ עִם זְקֶנְתִּי בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה, דִּכְתִיב: וַיְהִי בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה וְיֶחְרַד הָאִישׁ וְיִלָּפֵת וַיֹּאמֶר מִי אֶת, וַתֹּאמַר אֲנֹכִי רוּת אַמָּתֶךָ (רות ג, ח-ט). אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַלֵּוִי בַּר שָׁלוֹם, אָמְרָה לוֹ: בִּדְבָרִים אַתָּה מוֹצִיאֵנִי. אָמַר לָהּ: חַי ה', אֵינִי מוֹצִיאֵךְ בִּדְבָרִים. חַי ה', מְלַמֵּד, שֶׁהִשְׁבִּיעַ לְיִצְרוֹ שֶׁהָיָה מְקַטְרְגוֹ וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ: אַתָּה פָּנוּי וְהִיא פְּנוּיָה, הֲרֵי הַשָּׁעָה שֶׁתִּזָּקֵק לָהּ. מִיָּד נִשְׁבַּע אוֹתוֹ הַצַּדִּיק, חַי ה'. כְּלוֹמַר, אֵינִי נוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ בְּזוֹ הַלַּיְלָה. וְלֹא בֹּעַז לְבַד, אֶלָּא כָּל הַצַּדִּיקִים מַשְׁבִּיעִין לְיִצְרָן. שֶׁכֵּן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּדָוִד כְּשֶׁנָּפַל שָׁאוּל בְּיָדוֹ, מַה כְּתִיב שָׁם, וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד, חַי ה' כִּי אִם ה' יִגָּפֶנּוּ אוֹ יוֹמוֹ יָבֹא וָמֵת אוֹ בַּמִּלְחָמָה יֵרֵד וְגוֹ' (ש״א כו, י). לָמָּה נִשְׁבַּע שְׁתֵּי פְעָמִים. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן, הָיָה יִצְרוֹ בָּא וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ: אִלּוּ נָפַלְתָּ אַתָּה בְּיָדוֹ, לָא הָיָה מְרַחֵם עָלֶיךָ וְהָיָה הוֹרְגְךָ. וּמִן הַתּוֹרָה, מֻתָּר לְהָרְגוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי רוֹדֵף הוּא. לְפִיכָךְ קָפַץ וְנִשְׁבַּע שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים חַי ה', שֶׁאֵינִי הוֹרְגוֹ. אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ כֹּחוֹ שֶׁל יֵצֶר הָרַע שֶׁהוּא קָשֶׁה. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, סַלְּקוּ אוֹתוֹ קִמְעָא קִמְעָא בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, וַאֲנִי מַעֲבִירוֹ מִכֶּם לֶעָתִיד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: סוֹלוּ סוֹלוּ הַמְּסִלָּה סַקְּלוּ מֵאֶבֶן (ישעיה סב, י). וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, סוֹלוּ סוֹלוּ פָּנוּ דֶּרֶךְ, הֲרִימוּ מִכְשׁוֹל מִדֶּרֶךְ עַמִּי (שם נז, יד). וְלָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, אֲנִי עוֹקְרוֹ מִכֶּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַהֲסִירוֹתִי אֶת לֵב הָאֶבֶן מִבְּשַׂרְכֶם וְנָתַתִּי לָהֶם לֵב בָּשָׂר (יחזקאל לו, כו). כָּךְ דָּרַשׁ רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא בַּר אַבָּא.
(Numb. 10:2 translated literally:) “Make for yourself (lekha),” [i.e.,] at your own expense (literally: from what belongs to you [lekha]). (Ibid.:) “Make for yourself.” For yourself you shall make [them] and not for others. You are to use them, and no one else is to use them. You yourself know that in the case of his disciple Joshua, he did not use those [trumpets] but horns (shofars). When they came to fight against Jericho, there gathered in Jericho seven peoples. It is so stated (in Josh. 14:11), “When you crossed the Jordan and came unto Jericho, the citizens of Jericho, the Amorites, the Perizzites, [the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Girgashites,] the Hivites, and the Jebusites fought against you." Did seven peoples make up the citizens of Jericho, in that it says [here], “the citizens of Jericho: the Amorites….” R. Samuel bar Nahmani said, “Jericho was the door bolt [for unlocking] the land of Israel. They said, ‘If Jericho is conquered, the whole land will be conquered immediately.’ For that reason seven peoples gathered within it.” What is written (in Josh. 6:20)? “So the people shouted when [the priests] blew on the horns.” [This] teaches that even though Joshua was [Moses'] disciple, he did not use them (i.e. the silver trumpets). Moreover you should not say [this only] about Joshua but even [about] our master Moses, [in that the trumpets] were hidden while he was [still] alive. R. Isaac said, “Note that when Moses was going to depart this world, he said (in Deut. 31:28), ‘Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes [and your officials].’ But where were the trumpets? After all, he did not say, ‘Blow on them for [those people] to gather.’ It is simply that [it was already] while he was [still] alive that they were hidden.” R. Joshua of Sikhnin said in the name of R. Levi, “It was to fulfill what was said (in Eccl. 8:8), ‘nor is there control on the day of death….’” Ergo (in Numb. 10:2), “Make for yourself....” Make it for yourself, but you shall not use them all the days of your life. Another interpretation (of Numb. 10:2), “Make for yourself.” You are to use them because you are a king, but another is not to use them except King David, as stated (in II Chron. 29:26, 28), “And the Levites stood… the song was sung and the trumpets were blown.” Our masters have said, “The trumpets that were in the sanctuary were also hidden, but King David used the harp, as stated (in Ps. 57:9), ‘Awake, my glory; awake, O lyre and harp.’” R. Shimon Hassida said, “A harp was hanging above David's bed. When midnight arrived, a north wind would blow strongly on it, and it would play of its own accord. Immediately David and the students would arise to occupy themselves with the Torah; and driving sleep from their eyes, they would meditate on the Torah until the dawn arose. Therefore, David said (ibid.), ‘Awake, my glory.’ It is customary for the dawn to awaken the people, but (ibid. cont.) ‘I will awaken the dawn.’” Another interpretation (of Ps. 57:9), “Awake my, glory.” What is the meaning of “my glory?” [My glory is] due to the glory of my Creator. For the [evil] drive would say to him, “David, are you not a king? It is customary for kings to arise at three hours into the day; so why are you arising at midnight?” Then [David] said to it, “Empty is my glory. My glory is nothing before the glory of my Creator.” It is therefore stated, “Awake my glory (words which can also be rendered: empty is ['urah] my glory.” (Ps. 119:62:) “At midnight I will arise to praise You.” David said, “It is my duty to arise at midnight and to praise You for the wonders that You have done with my ancestor (Ruth) at midnight.” It is so stated (in Ruth 3:8–9), “Now it came to pass at midnight that the man was startled, [so he turned aside, and here was a woman lying at his feet]. Then he said, ‘Who are you?’ And she said, ‘I am your handmaid Ruth.’” R. Judah bar Shallum the Levite said, “She said to him, ‘Are you sending me away with [mere] words?’ He said to her (Ruth 3:13) ‘”As the Lord lives,” I am not sending you away with [mere] words.’” (Ruth 3:13:) “As the Lord lives.” [This oath] teaches that he had imposed an oath on his [evil] drive, which was inciting him by saying to him, “You are an unmarried man and she is an unmarried woman. Now is the time to seduce her.” Immediately this righteous man swore, “As the Lord lives, I am not touching her tonight.” And not only Boaz, but all the righteous impose an oath on their [evil] drive. Thus you find it so with David, for when Saul fell into his hands, what did David say (in I Sam. 26:10)? “And David said, ‘As the Lord lives, the Lord shall smite him; either he will die when his day comes or he will go down and perish in battle; [the Lord forbid that I lay my hand on the Lord's anointed].’” Why did he swear two times? R. Samuel bar Nahman said, “His [evil] drive came and said to him, ‘If you had fallen into his hand, he would have shown you no mercy and killed you. [Moreover] according to the Torah it is permissible to kill him, since here he is pursuing [you].’ He therefore hastened to swear two times, ‘As the Lord lives, I will not kill him.’” Israel said to the Holy One, blessed be He, “Master of the universe, You know the power of the evil drive, how strong it is.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to them, “Remove it little by little in this world, and I will take it away from you in the future.” Thus it is stated (in Is. 62:10), “build up, complete the highway [take away some stone] (i.e. the evil drive)!” It also says (in Is. 57:14), “Build up, build up; clear out a way; remove an obstacle (i.e. the evil drive) from the way of my people!” Then in the world to come I will root it out of you, as stated (in Ezek. 36:26), “I will remove the heart of stone from your flesh.” Thus has R. Tanhuma bar Abba interpreted.
Beha'alotcha, Siman 11
וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל מֹשֶׁה אֶסְפָה לִי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ. יְלַמְּדֵנוּ רַבֵּנוּ, כַּמָּה אַמּוֹת חַיָּב אָדָם לַעֲמֹד מִפְּנֵי הַזָּקֵן כְּשֶׁהוּא רוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ עוֹבֵר. כָּךְ שָׁנוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ, בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת, חַיָּב אָדָם לַעֲמֹד מִפְּנֵי הַזָּקֵן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: מִפְּנֵי שֵׂיבָה תָּקוּם, וְהָדַרְתָּ פְּנֵי זָקֵן (ויקרא יט, לב). וְכוֹרֵעַ לְפָנָיו וְשׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת. וְאִי זֶה הוּא הַהִדּוּר שֶׁאָמְרָה תּוֹרָה וְהָדַרְתָּ פְּנֵי זָקֵן. שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲמֹד בִּמְקוֹמוֹ, וְלֹא יְהֵא סוֹתֵר דְּבָרָיו. וּכְשֶׁהוּא שׁוֹאֵל הֲלָכָה, שׁוֹאֵל בְּיִרְאָה. וְלֹא יִקְפֹּץ לְהָשִׁיב, וְלֹא יְהֵא נִכְנַס לְתוֹךְ דְּבָרָיו. שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נוֹהֵג בְּרַבּוֹ כָּל הַמִּדּוֹת הָאֵלּוּ, נִקְרָא רָשָׁע לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם, וְתַלְמוּדוֹ נִשְׁכָּח, וּשְׁנוֹתָיו מִתְקַצְּרוֹת, וְלַסּוֹף הוּא בָא לִידֵי עֲנִיּוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְטוֹב לֹא יִהְיֶה לָרָשָׁע וְלֹא יַאֲרִיךְ יָמִים כַּצֵּל, אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ יָרֵא מִלִּפְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים (קהלת ח, יג). מוֹרָא זוֹ אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ מַה הִיא. כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר, מִפְּנֵי שֵׂיבָה תָּקוּם וְיָרֵאתָ מֵאלֹהֶיךָ (ויקרא יט, לב). הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר, זוֹ מוֹרָאַת הָרַב. וְכֵן נֶאֱמַר בְּמִדּוֹת וּמִשְׁקָלוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בָּהֶן מוֹרָא. אֶלָּא אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן, פְּנֵי זָקֵן וְיָרֵאתָ. וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן, אֵינֶנּוּ יָרֵא מִלִּפְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים. לְכָךְ חַיָּב אָדָם לְהַקְדִּים לוֹ שָׁלוֹם בַּכְּנִיסָה וּבַיְּצִיאָה, וְלִנְהֹג בּוֹ מוֹרָא וְכָבוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֶת ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּירָא (דברים ו, יג). וְתַנְיָא, אֶת, לְרַבּוֹת אֶת בַּעֲלֵי תּוֹרָה, שֶׁאֵין לְךָ מִדָּה אַחֶרֶת כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהּ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, וָאֶתֵּן אוֹתָם רָאשִׁים עַל הָעָם (דברים א, טו). מִכָּאן אַתְּ לָמֵד, שֶׁתִּנְהֹג בּוֹ מִנְהַג נְשִׂיאוּת, לַעֲמֹד מִפָּנָיו, וּלְהַקְדִּימוֹ לְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁל גְּדֻלָּה. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא הַכֹּהֵן בַּר פַּפָּא, כְּשֶׁהָיִיתִי רוֹאֶה סִיעָה שֶׁל בְּנֵי אָדָם, הָיִיתִי הוֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ אַחֶרֶת, שֶׁלֹּא לְהַטְרִיחַ עֲלֵיהֶם, שֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ רוֹאִין אוֹתִי וְעוֹמְדִין מִלְּפָנַי. וּכְשֶׁאָמַרְתִּי אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים לִפְנֵי רַבִּי יוֹסֵף בַּר זְבִידָא, אָמַר לִי, צָרִיךְ אַתָּה לַעֲבֹר לִפְנֵיהֶם, וְיִהְיוּ רוֹאִין אוֹתְךָ וְעוֹמְדִין לְפָנֶיךָ, וְאַתָּה מְבִיאָן לִידֵי יִרְאַת שָׁמַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: מִפְּנֵי שֵׂיבָה תָּקוּם וְהָדַרְתָּ פְּנֵי זָקֵן וְיָרֵאתָ. לָמָּה, שֶׁמַּעֲלָתָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים הִיא מַעֲלָה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ יְרִידָה. אֲבָל מַעֲלָתוֹ שֶׁל עֵשָׂו, מַעֲלָה שֶׁכֻּלָּהּ יְרִידָה הִיא, הַיּוֹם אֲפַרְכּוּס, לְמָחָר סְגָן, לְמָחָר סַרְדְּיוֹט. וְכֵן כָּל גְּדוֹלֵיהֶן. וְכֵן הַנָּבִיא אוֹמֵר, אִם תַּגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר וְאִם בֵּין כּוֹכָבִים וְגוֹ' מִשָּׁם אוֹרִידְךָ (עובדיה א, ד). אֲבָל מַעֲלָתוֹ שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב, מַעֲלָה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ יְרִידָה, וְאֵין קְדֻשָּׁתָם מִתְחַלֶּלֶת לְעוֹלָם. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא, שֶׁהַזְּקֵנִים אֶחָד מִשְּׁלֹשָה עָשָׂר דְּבָרִים, שֶׁהֵן כְּתוּבִים לִשְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֵלּוּ הֵן, הַכֶּסֶף וְהַזָּהָב, וְהַכֹּהֲנִים, וְהַלְּוִיּם, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהַבְּכוֹרוֹת, וְהַמִּזְבֵּחַ, וְהַתְּרוּמוֹת, וְשֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה, וְאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, וּמַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד, וְהַקָּרְבָּנוֹת, וְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהַזְּקֵנִים. הַכֶּסֶף וְהַזָּהָב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: לִי הַכֶּסֶף וְלִי הַזָּהָב (חגי ב, ח). הַכֹּהֲנִים מִנַּיִן. דִּכְתִיב: וְזֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה לָהֶם לְקַדֵּשׁ אֹתָם לְכַהֵן לִי לְקַח וְגוֹ' (שמות כט, א). הַלְּוִיִּם מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָיוּ לִי הַלְּוִיִּם (במדבר ח, יד). יִשְׂרָאֵל מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי לִי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (ויקרא כה, נה). הַבְּכוֹרוֹת מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי לִי כָּל בְּכוֹר (במדבר ח, יז). הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: מִזְבַּח אֲדָמָה תַּעֲשֶׂה לִי (שמות כ, כא). הַתְּרוּמָה מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְיִקְּחוּ לִי תְּרוּמָה (שם כה, ב). שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: שֶׁמֶן מִשְׁחַת קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה זֶה לִי (שם ל, לא). אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ (שם כה, ח). הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֶת קָרְבָּנִי לַחְמִי לְאִשַּׁי (במדבר כח, ב). מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי רָאִיתִי בְּבָנָיו לִי מֶלֶךְ (ש״א טז, א). אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי לִי הָאָרֶץ (שמות יט, ה). הַזְּקֵנִים מִנַּיִן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֶסְפָה לִי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ (במדבר יא, טז). דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֶסְפָה לִי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: הַבּוֹנֶה בַּשָּׁמַיִם מַעֲלוֹתָיו וַאֲגֻדָּתוֹ עַל אֶרֶץ יְסָדָהּ (עמוס ט, ו). מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה. לְפַלְטְרִין שֶׁהָיְתָה בְּנוּיָה עַל גַּבֵּי הַסְּפִינָה, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהַסְּפִינוֹת מְחֻבָּרוֹת, פַּלְטְרִין שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּיהֶן עוֹמֶדֶת. לְפִיכָךְ נֶאֱמַר, הַבּוֹנֶה בַּשָּׁמַיִם מַעֲלוֹתָיו. אֵימָתַי כִּבְיָכוֹל כִּסְּאוֹ מְבֻסָּס לְמַעֲלָן, בִּזְמַן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עֲשׂוּיִין אֲגֻדָּה אַחַת. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: הַבּוֹנֶה בַּשָּׁמַיִם מַעֲלוֹתָיו. אֵימָתַי, בַּזְּמַן שֶׁאֲגֻדָּתוֹ עַל אֶרֶץ יְסָדָהּ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, וַיְהִי בִּישֻׁרוּן מֶלֶךְ וְגוֹ' (דברים לג, ה). לְכָךְ אָמַר לֵיהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה, אֶסְפָה לִי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ. לָמָּה, שֶׁכִּנּוּסָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, הֲנָיָה לָהֶם, הֲנָיָה לָעוֹלָם. אֲבָל כִּנּוּסָן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים, תַּקָּלָה לָהֶם, תַּקָּלָה לָעוֹלָם.
(Numb. 11:16:) “Then the Lord said unto Moses, ‘Gather Me seventy men from the elders of Israel….” Let our master instruct us: Within how many cubits is one obligated to stand up in the presence of an elder when he sees him? Thus have our masters taught: Within four cubits one is obligated to stand up in the presence of an elder. Thus it is stated (in Lev. 19:32), “You shall rise in the presence of a gray head [...].” One also bows down before him and asks after his welfare [when] within four cubits. And about which honor did the Torah say (ibid. cont.), “you shall honor the presence of an elder?” That one should not stand in his place or contradict his words. Also when one asks [about] a law (halakhah), one should ask with reverence and not rush to respond or interrupt his words. Whoever does not behave toward his teacher (rav) according to all these rules is labeled a wicked person before the Omnipresent, his learning is forgotten, his years are shortened, and in the end he comes to poverty, as stated (in Eccl. 8:13), “It shall not go well with the wicked one, nor shall he prolong his days; [they are] like a shadow, because he is not in fear before God.” In regard to this fear I do not know [exactly] what it is; [but] when it says (in Lev. 19:32), “You shall rise in the presence of a gray head, [you shall honor the presence of an elder,] and you shall fear your God,” note that it is [really] saying, this is the fear of [students toward] sages. [But I might say that this is a fear of] usury and of [false] weights, as fear is stated about them [also]. It is simply that R. Eleazar has said, “It is stated here, ‘[you shall honor] the presence (pny) of the elder, and you shall fear your God’; while it is stated in the other passage (in Eccl. 8:13), ‘he is not in fear before (pny) God.’” Hence, one is obligated to greet him before everyone when entering and leaving and to treat him with fear and honor. It is so stated (in Deut. 6:13), “You shall fear (et) the Lord your God.” And we have learned, “[The et must refer] to [fear of] the master scholars of Torah since you have no other trait like it.” And so it says (in Deut. 1:15), “[So I took the heads of your tribes, wise and well-known people,] and appointed them heads over [you].” From here you learn that you should treat him in a princely manner, [i.e.,] stand in his presence, and give him precedence in every matter of dignity. R. Abba bar Pappa the Priest said, “When I would see a certain group of people, I would walk by another route so as not to be a bother for them, lest they see me and stand for me. [However] when I told of the matter to R. Jose bar Zevida, he said to me, ‘You must pass before them, so that they will see you and stand in your presence. Then you will bring them to the point of fearing Heaven, as stated (in Lev. 19:32), “You shall rise in the presence of a gray head, [you shall honor the presence of an elder,] and you shall fear your God.”’” Why? Because the rise of the righteous is a rise in which there is no decline. But the rise of Esau the wicked is a rise which is wholly decline. Today he is a governor; tomorrow an assistant [governor]; the next day a captain. And thus it is with all their great ones. So also the prophet says (in Obad. 1:4), “Though you make your abode as high as the eagle, and though [your nest is set] among the stars, I will bring you down from there.” The rise of Jacob, however, is a rise which has no decline, and their holiness is never desecrated. And so you find that the elders are one of thirteen things which are written down [as belonging] to the name of the Holy One, blessed be He. These [thirteen] are the following: (1) The silver and gold, (2) the priests, (3) the Levites, (4) Israel, (5) the first-born, (6) the altar, (7) the priestly share, (8) the oil for anointing, (9) the tent of meeting, (10) the Davidic dynasty, (11) the offerings, (12) the Land of Israel, and (13) the elders. Where is it shown in reference to silver and gold? As stated (in Hag. 2:8), “The silver is Mine, and the gold is Mine.” Where is it shown in reference to the priests? As stated (in Exod. 29:1), “to sanctify them for serving Me as priests.” Where is it shown in reference to the Levites? As stated (in Numb. 3:12), “and the Levites shall be Mine.” Where is it shown in reference to Israel? As stated (in Lev. 25:55), “For to Me the Children of Israel [are servants].” Where is it shown in reference to the first-born? As stated (in Numb. 3:13 = 8:17), “For all the first-born are Mine.” Where is it shown in reference to the altar? As stated (in Exod. 20:21), “An altar of earth you shall make for Me.” Where is it shown in reference to the priestly share? As stated (in Exod. 25:2), “And let them take for Me a priestly share.” Where is it shown in reference to the oil for anointing? As stated (in Exod. 30:31), “This oil for anointing shall be holy to Me.” Where is it shown in reference to the tent of meeting? As stated (in Exod. 25:8), “And let them make Me a sanctuary.” Where is it shown in reference to offerings? As stated (in Numb. 28:2), “My offering, My bread for My fire offering.” Where is it shown in reference to the Davidic dynasty? As stated (in I Sam. 16:1), “for I have chosen a king for Myself among his (i.e. Jesse's) sons.” Where is it shown in reference to the Land [of Israel]? As stated (in Lev. 25:23), “for the land belongs to Me.” Where is it shown in reference to the elders? As stated (in Numb. 11:16), “Gather Me seventy men [from the elders of Israel].”
Another interpretation (of Numb. 11:16), “Gather Me seventy men.” This text is related (to Amos. 9:6), “Who builds His upper chambers in the heavens and founds His celestial vault (aguddah) upon earth.” To what is the matter comparable? To a palace that was built upon boat[s]. For as long a time that the boats are connected, the palace that is upon them will stand. Hence, it is stated (in Amos 9:6), “Who builds His upper chambers in the heavens.” When is His throne, as it were, established above? When Israel becomes one society (aguddah). It is therefore stated (ibid.), “Who builds His upper chambers in the heavens.” When? When (ibid. cont.) “He founds His celestial vault (aguddah, which also means society) upon earth.” And so it says (in Deut. 33:5), “Then He became King in Jeshurun [when the heads of the people assembled, the tribes of Israel together].” Therefore the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses (in Numb. 11:16), “Gather Me seventy men.” Why? Because a gathering of righteous people is enjoyment for them and enjoyment for the world, but a gathering of wicked people is an offense to them and an offense to the world.
Another interpretation (of Numb. 11:16), “Gather Me seventy men.” This text is related (to Amos. 9:6), “Who builds His upper chambers in the heavens and founds His celestial vault (aguddah) upon earth.” To what is the matter comparable? To a palace that was built upon boat[s]. For as long a time that the boats are connected, the palace that is upon them will stand. Hence, it is stated (in Amos 9:6), “Who builds His upper chambers in the heavens.” When is His throne, as it were, established above? When Israel becomes one society (aguddah). It is therefore stated (ibid.), “Who builds His upper chambers in the heavens.” When? When (ibid. cont.) “He founds His celestial vault (aguddah, which also means society) upon earth.” And so it says (in Deut. 33:5), “Then He became King in Jeshurun [when the heads of the people assembled, the tribes of Israel together].” Therefore the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses (in Numb. 11:16), “Gather Me seventy men.” Why? Because a gathering of righteous people is enjoyment for them and enjoyment for the world, but a gathering of wicked people is an offense to them and an offense to the world.
Beha'alotcha, Siman 12
אֶסְפָה לִי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה, אֶסְפָה לִי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ, אָמַר מֹשֶׁה, הֵיאַךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה לְהָבִיא אוֹתָן מִכָּל הַשְּׁבָטִים. אִם נָבִיא חֲמִשָּׁה מִכָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט, אֵין עוֹלִין לְמִנְיַן שִׁבְעִים, נִמְצְאוּ שִׁשִּׁים. וְאִם נָבִיא שִׁשָּׁה מִכָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט, עוֹלִין לְמִנְיַן שְׁנַיִם וְשִׁבְעִים. וְאִם נָבִיא שִׁשָּׁה מִשֵּׁבֶט זֶה וַחֲמִשָּׁה מִשֵּׁבֶט אַחֵר, הֲרֵינִי מֵטִיל קִנְאָה בֵּין הַשְּׁבָטִים. מֶה עָשָׂה. נָטַל שִׁבְעִים פִּתְקִין וְכָתַב בָּהֶן זָקֵן, וְנָטַל שִׁבְעִים פִּתְקִין חֲלָקִין וּטְרָפָן וּנְתָנָן בַּקַּלְפִּי, וְאָמַר לָהֶם: בּוֹאוּ וּטְלוּ פִּתְקֵיכֶם. כָּל מִי שֶׁהָיָה עוֹלֶה בְּיָדוֹ פֶּתֶק כָּתוּב בּוֹ זָקֵן, הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁנִּתְמַנָּה זָקֵן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, עֲדַיִן הִיא מַחֲלֹקֶת בַּדָּבָר. שֶׁיָּכֹל לוֹמַר לוֹ, אֵין כָּאן פֶּתֶק אֶחָד כָּתוּב בּוֹ זָקֵן. שֶׁאִלּוּ הָיָה שָׁם, מִיָּד הָיָה עוֹלֶה בְּיָדִי. וְהֵיאַךְ עָשָׂה. אָמַר רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, כָּךְ עָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה, נָטַל שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁנַיִם פִּתְקִין וְכָתַב עַל שִׁבְעִים מֵהֶן זָקֵן, וּשְׁנַיִם פִּתְקִין חֲלָקִים, וּטְרָפָן וּנְתָנָן בַּקַּלְפִּי, וְאָמַר לָהֶם: בּוֹאוּ וּטְלוּ פִּתְקֵיכֶם. אִם עָלָה בְּיָדוֹ פֶּתֶק כָּתוּב בּוֹ זָקֵן, הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁנִּתְמַנָּה זָקֵן. וְאִם עָלָה בְּיָדוֹ פֶּתֶק חָלָק, הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁלֹּא נִתְמַנָּה. וְהַמְּמֻנֶּה אָמַר לֵיהּ: הֲרֵי שָׁם פֶּתֶק אֶחָד כָּתוּב בּוֹ זָקֵן, אִלּוּ הָיִיתָ רָאוּי לְהִתְמַנּוֹת, הָיָה עוֹלֶה בְּיָדְךָ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם כָּךְ, נִתְמַנּוּ הַזְּקֵנִים. אֶלְדָּד וּמֵידָד הָיוּ שָׁם וּמִעֲטוּ אֶת עַצְמָם. אָמְרוּ, אֵין אָנוּ כְּדַאי לִהְיוֹת בְּמִנּוּי הַזְּקֵנִים. וְעַל שֶׁמִּעֲטוּ אֶת עַצְמָם, נִמְצְאוּ יְתֵרִין עַל הַזְּקֵנִים בַּחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים. הַזְּקֵנִים לֹא נִתְנַבְּאוּ אֶלָּא לְמָחָר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאֶל הָעָם תֹּאמַר הִתְקַדְּשׁוּ לְמָחָר. אֲבָל אֵלּוּ נִתְנַבְּאוּ מַה שֶּׁעָתִיד לִהְיוֹת בְּסוֹף אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְיִשָּׁאֲרוּ שְׁנֵי אֲנָשִׁים וְגוֹ'. וּמֶה הָיוּ מִתְנַבְּאִין. יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִין, עַל מַפַּלְתּוֹ שֶׁל גוֹג הָיוּ מִתְנַבְּאִין. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִין, הָיוּ מִתְנַבְּאִין וְאוֹמְרִים: מֹשֶׁה יָמוּת בַּמִּדְבָּר, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ מַכְנִיס אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ. תֵּדַע לְךָ, שֶׁכָּךְ הָיוּ מִתְנַבְּאִין. שֶׁכָּךְ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אָמַר לְמֹשֶׁה, וַיַּעַן יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּן נוּן מְשָׁרֵת מֹשֶׁה. וּכְתִיב: וַיָּרָץ הַנַּעַר וַיַּגֵּד לְמֹשֶׁה. מִי הָיָה זֶה, גֵּרְשֹׁם בֶּן מֹשֶׁה. הַזְּקֵנִים לֹא נִכְנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ, אֲבָל אֶלְדָּד וּמֵידָד נִכְנְסוּ. אֶלְדָּד, הוּא אֱלִידָד בֶּן כִּסְלוֹן. וּמֵידָד, זֶה קְמוּאֵל בֶּן שִׁפְטָן. הַזְּקֵנִים לֹא נִתְפָּרְשׁוּ שְׁמוֹתָם, וְאֵלּוּ נִתְפָּרְשׁוּ שְׁמוֹתָם. וְהַזְּקֵנִים נִפְסְקָה נְבוּאָתָן, שֶׁהָיְתָה מִשֶּׁל מֹשֶׁה, שֶׁכֵּן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר לְמֹשֶׁה, וְאָצַלְתִּי מִן הָרוּחַ אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיךָ וְשַׂמְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶם. אֲבָל אֵלּוּ הָיְתָה נְבוּאָתָן מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתָּנַח עֲלֵיהֶם הָרוּחַ. וְאִם תֹּאמַר, הַזְּקֵנִים שֶׁהָיְתָה נְבוּאָתָם מִשֶּׁל מֹשֶׁה, שֶׁמָּא חָסֵר מִנְּבוּאָתוֹ כְּלוּם. מָשָׁל לְנֵר שֶׁהָיָה דָּלוּק וְהִדְלִיקוּ מִמֶּנּוּ כַּמָּה נֵרוֹת וְאוֹר דְּלִיקָתוֹ לֹא חָסֵר. אַף כָּאן מֹשֶׁה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיְתָה נְבוּאַת שִׁבְעִים זְקֵנִים מִשֶּׁלּוֹ, לֹא חָסַר מִנְּבוּאָתוֹ כְּלוּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְלֹא קָם נָבִיא עוֹד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמֹשֶׁה (דברים לד, י).
(Numb. 11:16), “Gather Me seventy men [from the elders of Israel].” When the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses, “Gather Me seventy men,” Moses said, “How shall I manage to get [them] from all the tribes? If I get five each from every tribe, they will not add up to the number seventy. There will [only] be sixty. And if we get six each from every tribe, they will add up to the number seventy-two. But if we get five from one tribe and six from another, I shall be imposing jealousy among the tribes.” What did Moses do? R. Judah says, “He took seventy pieces of paper and wrote ‘elder’ on them. Then he took another (seventy) [two] blank pieces of paper, mixed them up, put them in an urn, and said to them, ‘Come and take your pieces of paper.’ Whoever took a paper with ‘elder’ written on it knew that he had been appointed an elder. Whoever came up with a blank paper in his hand knew that he had not been appointed an elder.” R. Nehemiah said to him, “There would still have been a controversy, since [a loser] could have said to him, ‘Where is a paper with "elder" written on it? If it had been there, it would have come up in my hand.’” Therefore, how did he manage for them? R. Nehemiah said, “He took seventy-two pieces of paper and wrote ‘elder’ on them plus [seventy-]two other blank pieces of paper. Then he mixed them up and put them in the urn. He said to them, ‘Come and take your papers.’ If a paper with ‘elder’ written on it came up in [a person's] hand he knew that he had been appointed an elder, but if a blank one came up in his hand he knew that he had not been appointed. Then the officer-in-charge would say to him, ‘Look there is another paper there with “elder" written upon it. If you had been worthy of being appointed, [a paper with "elder"] would have come up in your hand.’” When [Moses had followed this procedure] the elders were appointed. Eldad and Medad were there, but they excluded themselves. They said, “We are not worthy to be in the number of the elders.” Now because they excluded themselves, they were found [to have become] superior to the elders in five respects. The elders only prophesied for the morrow as stated (in Numb. 11:18), “And you shall say to the people, ‘Purify yourselves for the morrow,’” but these men prophesied what was going to happen at the end of forty years as stated (in Numb. 11:26), “But two men had remained in the camp; [the name of the one was Eldad and the name of the other was Medad…; and they were…] prophesying in the camp.” But what were they prophesying? Some say [they were prophesying] about the downfall of Gog and Magog, while others say they were prophesying that Moses would die and Joshua would bring Israel into the Land. You yourself know that they so prophesied, since it is what Joshua told Moshe (in vs. 28), “Then Joshua ben Nun, Moses' attendant from his youth, answered.” And it is written (in vs. 27), “But a lad ran and told Moses.” And who was it? It was Moses' son, Gershom. The elders did not enter the land, but these did enter the land. Eldad is [so listed] (in Numb. 34:21) [as] Elidad ben Chislon. Medad is [so listed] (in Numb. 34:24) [as] Kemuel ben Shiphtan. The elders were not designated by their names, but these were designated by their names. The elders had their prophecy cease, but these did not have their prophecy cease. It is so stated (of the seventy in Numb. 11:25), “they prophesied but did not continue.” In the case of the elders, their prophecy was from what belonged to Moses, even as the Scripture has said (in Numb. 11:17), “and I will set aside some of the spirit which is upon you and put it on them”; but these [two] had their prophecy from that which belonged to the Holy One, blessed be He, as stated (in Numb. 11:26), “and the spirit rested upon them.”
Now if you say, “Since the elders had their prophecy from what belonged to Moses, might it not have lessened his prophecy somewhat?” [The answer is] no. To what may Moses be compared? To a lamp which was lit and everyone lights up from it; yet its light is in no way diminished. So also in the case of Moses. Although the prophets took of his prophecy, the prophecy of Moses was in no way diminished. [It is so stated] (in Deut. 34:10), “And never again did there arise in Israel a prophet like Moses.”
Now if you say, “Since the elders had their prophecy from what belonged to Moses, might it not have lessened his prophecy somewhat?” [The answer is] no. To what may Moses be compared? To a lamp which was lit and everyone lights up from it; yet its light is in no way diminished. So also in the case of Moses. Although the prophets took of his prophecy, the prophecy of Moses was in no way diminished. [It is so stated] (in Deut. 34:10), “And never again did there arise in Israel a prophet like Moses.”
A Living Library of Torah
Sefaria is home to 3,000 years of Jewish texts. We are a non-profit organization offering free access to texts, translations, and commentaries so that everyone can participate in the ongoing process of studying, interpreting, and creating Torah. Learn More ›Click: Your Gift. Your Impact.
Ariel your Representee, | אריאל הנציג שלך, נציג אפרים ויועץ (לא רב אלא יועץ ידידותי) של בית ישראל הבינלאומי בהר הבית ולכל עם ישראל. נולדתי בהולנד והפכתי בגיל מאוחר יותר לבעל תשובה: במקור, המונח התייחס ליהודי שעבר על ההלכה ביודעין או שלא ביודעין והשלים תהליך של התבוננות פנימית כדי "לחזור" לקיום המצוות המלא. של מצוות אלוהים. לקרוא |
Comments
Post a Comment