Korbanot: The Biblical Temple Sacrifices

A definitive guide to the animal sacrifices, meal and oil offerings, and wine libations

By Yehuda Altein

Sacrifices of animals, grain, oil, wine and other substances offered on the altar were an integral part of the service in the Mishkan (Tabernacle) in the desert, and then in the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. A service entrusted to the kohanim (priests), sacrifices are mentioned in numerous places in Scripture, and large sections of the Bible (particularly in Leviticus) are dedicated to discussing their laws.

In this article:

• History of Sacrifices
• Types of Sacrifices
• Who Brought Sacrifices?
• What Was Sacrificed?
• When Were Sacrifices Brought?
• Where Were Sacrifices Brought?
• How Were Sacrifices Brought?
• Why Sacrifice?
• Sacrifices Today?

History of Sacrifices

Sacrifices have long been part of Jewish—and human—history. The Bible records that Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve, brought sacrifices to G‑d: Cain from the fruits of the ground, and Abel from the choicest of his sheep.1 Noah sacrificed animals and birds to G‑d upon leaving the Ark after the Great Flood.2 At the Binding of Isaac, Abraham brought a ram as a burnt offering in place of his son.3

During the 40 years of wandering in the desert (1313–1273 BCE), sacrifices were a mainstay of the Mishkan that accompanied the Jews during their journeys. Sacrifices continued to be brought once the Jews arrived in the Land of Israel, first in the Mishkan (which stood in Gilgal for 14 years, until 1259 BCE), then in the Tabernacle at Shiloh (for the 369 years of its existence—1259–891 BCE), and then in the First and Second Holy Temples in Jerusalem (which stood for 410 and 420 years respectively—833–423 BCE; 353 BCE–69 CE).

Links:
What Was the Mishkan?
What Was the Holy Temple?

Types of Sacrifices

Animal sacrifices are generally divided into four categories: the burnt-offering (olah), the sin-offering (chatat), the guilt-offering (asham), and the peace-offering (shelamim).

A burnt-offering was sacrificed entirely on the altar (save for the animal’s skin). A sin- or guilt-offering would be partially burned on the altar, with the rest consumed by the priests. A peace-offering would be divided among the altar, the priests and the individual who brought the sacrifice.

Another way of categorizing the sacrifices is based on their level of sanctity. Certain sacrifices are deemed kodshei kodoshim, sacrifices of a higher level of sanctity. These sacrifices could only be consumed by male priests within the confines of the Temple courtyard. Other sacrifices are called kodoshim kalim, sacrifices of a lower level of sanctity. These sacrifices could be eaten by any Jew throughout the walled city of Jerusalem.4

Links:
Burnt-offering: Leviticus 1. Leviticus 6:1–6. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 6.
Sin-offering: Leviticus 4. Leviticus 6:17–23. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 7.
Guilt-offering: Leviticus 5:14–26. Leviticus 7:1–7. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 9:1.
Peace offering: Leviticus 3. Leviticus 7:11–34. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 9:3–24.

Who Brought Sacrifices?

All sacrifices could be brought by both men and women. Even non-Jews could bring certain sacrifices.5 However, the actual services related to the sacrifices were almost all performed by kohanim,6 who were required to pass certain criteria to qualify for the Temple service.7

Links: Leviticus 21:16–24. Maimonides, Biat Hamikdash.

What Was Sacrificed?

Only five types of animals could be brought as sacrifices: oxen, sheep, goats, turtledoves and pigeons.8 Other sacrifices known as flour-offerings (minchah) consisted of wheat or barley flour accompanied by olive oil and frankincense.9 Additionally, wine (and sometimes water) would be poured into specially designed cavities in the altar.10

Links:
Wine-offering: Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 2.
Water-offering: Maimonides, Temidin U’Musafin 10:6–10.

The oxen, sheep and goats brought as sacrifices were required to be free of any blemish.11 Additionally, depending on the category of sacrifice (see above), there were sometimes certain specifications regarding the age12 and gender13 of the animal.

Links:
Blemishes: Leviticus 22:17–25. Maimonides, Issurei Mizbeiach 1–2.
Other disqualifications for sacrifices: Maimonides, Issurei Mizbeiach 3ff.

When Were Sacrifices Brought?

Sacrifices could be brought on a number of occasions and for various reasons. Some sacrifices were voluntary: a person could be inspired to donate a sacrifice, or offer one as thanks to G‑d for saving him from danger (the thanksgiving offering). Other sacrifices were obligatory, to be brought by either the community or the individual.

Link: Showing Gratitude

The community was obligated to offer two lambs on a daily basis, as well as additional sacrifices on Shabbat, Rosh Chodesh and the holidays. An individual was obligated to bring a sacrifice as atonement for a sin, or to enable him to partake of sacred foods (if he was unable to do so beforehand due to a state of impurity).

Links: Numbers 28. Numbers 29. Maimonides, Temidin U’Musafin 6–10.

Other types of private obligatory sacrifices include the Paschal lamb, the firstborn offering, the tithe and the sacrifices brought by a nazir (nazirite).14

Links:
Paschal sacrifice: Exodus 12. Numbers 9. Maimonides, Korban Pesach.
Firstborn offering: Exodus 13. Maimonides, Bechorot 1.
Tithe: Leviticus 27:32–33. Maimonides, Bechorot 6.
Sacrifices of a nazir: Numbers 6. Maimonides, Nezirut 8.

Where Were Sacrifices Brought?

Once the Holy Temple was built, sacrifices could only be brought on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem,15 and it was forbidden to bring sacrifices anywhere else.16 This prohibition is in effect today as well, effectively making it impossible to sacrifice.17

Links: Leviticus 17:1–9. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot, ch. 18.

How Were Sacrifices Brought?

When bringing a mammal offering, the person bringing the sacrifice would rest his hands on the animal and, where applicable, confess his sins.18 The animal would then be slaughtered and its blood captured in a specially designed utensil, to be applied to the walls of the altar (via either sprinkling, smearing or pouring, depending on the type of sacrifice). Depending on the type of sacrifice, either the entire animal or certain parts of it would be sacrificed on the altar, while others parts would be eaten by the priests and/or the person who brought the sacrifice.

Read a description of the daily Temple service: Maimonides, Temidin U’Musafin 6.

Bird offerings would be slaughtered in a unique process known as melikah, entailing the use of a fingernail instead of a knife. The blood would then be applied to the wall of the altar, and, depending on the type of sacrifice, the bird would either be sacrificed on the altar or eaten by the priests.19

Links: Leviticus 1:14–17. Leviticus 5:7–10. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 6:20–23, 7:6–8.

Most flour offerings involved a process called kemitzah: the priest would scoop three fingerfuls of flour to be sacrificed on the altar, and the rest of the flour would be eaten by the priests.20

Links: Leviticus 2. Leviticus 6:7–16. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 12-13.

It should be noted that certain specific types of sacrifices involved unique methods of treatment that differ from the above descriptions.

Why Sacrifice?

The sacrificial service was not primarily about the physical act of slaughtering an animal; it was principally a spiritual service. On a basic level, if the sacrifice was being brought to atone for some inadvertent sin, one had to feel remorse over what had happened.21 To assist in reaching true repentance, he would bear in mind that what was being done to the animal essentially should have occurred to him.22

Another way of understanding sacrifices is that the animal one brings as an offering to G‑d is symbolic of our own inner animal, our instincts and primal desires that we must bring into alignment with G‑d’s will. We surrender that part of us to G‑d and make it submissive to Him, so that it too may seek to do His will.23

Link: All of Me

From the perspective of Kabbalah, the sacrifices were a way of elevating the matter and vitality of this world to a higher plane. In addition to elevating the various layers of the human soul, sacrifices in the Temple also elevated the actual animal being offered, thereby elevating the entire animal kingdom.24

Link: Are You Really Planning to Bring Back those Animal Sacrifices?

Sacrifices Today?

With the absence of a Temple and altar today, it is forbidden to offer sacrifices (see links below). However, our sages tell us that our prayers today are in place of the sacrifices.25 In addition to asking G‑d for our needs, prayer is a time to focus on self-improvement. It is a time when we “offer” our animal soul to G‑d, refining our animalistic tendencies and submitting them to His will.26

We pray for the time when the Third Temple will be rebuilt, where the sacrifices will be offered once more.

Links:
Can We Sacrifice a Paschal Lamb Nowadays?
Why Haven’t Jews Rebuilt the Temple Yet?
What Is Jewish Prayer?

FOOTNOTES

1.

Genesis 4:3–4.

2.

Genesis 8:20.

3.

Genesis 22:13.

4.

Mishnah, Zevachim 5.

5.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 3:2.

6.

Maimonides, Biat Hamikdash, ch. 9.

7.

See Maimonides’ list in Biat Hamikdash 9:15.

8.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 1:1.

9.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 12:2, 7.

10.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 2:1 (see Raavad ad loc.) and Temidin U’Musafin 10:6–7.

11.

Leviticus 22:17–25. Maimonides, Issurei Mizbeiach chs. 1–2.

12.

See, for example, Maimonides, Issurei Mizbeiach 3:2. Ibid., Maaseh Hakorbanot 1:14.

13.

See Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 1:8–11.

14.

For a complete list of community and individual sacrifices, see Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 1:5–6.

15.

Maimonides, Beit Habechirah 1:3.

16.

Leviticus 17:1–9. Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot ch. 18.

17.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 19:15.

18.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 3:6–15.

19.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 6:20–23, 7:6–8.

20.

Maimonides, Maaseh Hakorbanot 12:9, 13:13. While most authorities maintain that three fingerfuls were scooped (see Rashi to Leviticus 2:2), Maimonides is of the opinion that the kemitzah comprised four fingerfuls (see commentators to Maimonides, Maaseh Hakarbanot 13:13).

21.

Maimonides, Teshuvah 1:1.

22.

Nachmanides to Leviticus 1:9.

23.

See Sefer Hamaamarim 5710, pp. 113–114.

24.

See Tanya, ch. 34.

25.

Talmud, Berachot 26b. Zohar III, 28b.

26.

See, for example, Torah Ohr 62b. Kuntres Ha’Avodah,p. 10.

By Yehuda Altein

Rabbi Yehuda Altein is a writer, translator and editor specializing in Jewish subjects and handwritten family material. A former researcher for JLI’s Machon Shmuel Research Institute, he has written on Jewish history, scriptural exegesis, halachah, and chassidut. Yehuda resides in Brooklyn, N.Y., with his family and enjoys collecting antique Judaica and exploring natural history in the Torah.

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The Holy Temple

A Repository of Articles, Classes, Stories and More Regarding the Beit Hamikdash

A comprehensive collection dedicated to the Holy Temple (Beit Hamikdash), its era, history, significance, and ultimate destruction.

The Holy Temple (Beit Hamikdash) was a large structure that was the nucleus of Judaism, its most sacred site. It stood atop Jerusalem’s Mount Moriah. Our people would stream there three times a year to bring sacrifices and interface with the Divine.

The first Beit Hamikdash was built by King Solomon in the year 833 BCE, and destroyed by the Babylonians in the year 423 BCE. The second Beit Hamikdash was completed in the year 349 BCE by Jewish returnees from the Persian exile, renovated by King Herod in 19 BCE, but ultimately destroyed by the Romans in 69 CE, when the current galut (exile) began.

For nearly 2,000 years, there has been no Holy Temple in Jerusalem. Yet, it is an axiom of Jewish belief that the Temple will be rebuilt in Jerusalem. Known as the Third Temple, it will be built according to the prophecies of Ezekiel.

What Was In the Holy Temple (Beit Hamikdash)? A room-by-room overview of the Temple Mount complex The Temple Mount Women's Courtyard Nikanor Gate The Hearth View All 13		Learn About the Holy Temple in Depth Texts and Classes Describing the Holy Temple From the Torah From Ezekiel Talmud: Tractate Tamid Talmud: Tractate Middot View All 8
Readings & Insights The Menorah: Its Story and Mystery How Were the Priests Divided? The Levite Choir and Orchestra: What, Who and How? 14 Facts about Kohanim—the Priestly Clan View All 33		Video The Holy Temple The Temple Service Components of the Holy Temple Mishkan (Tabernacle) View All 9
Audio The Temple, Whose Choice The Menorah The Inner Temple The Hidden Ark - Part 1 View All 17		Stories The Laughter of Rabbi Akiva Beggars at a Wedding The Shofar and the Wall The Gift View All 8
Korbanot: The Biblical Temple Sacrifices A definitive guide to the animal sacrifices, meal and oil offerings, and wine libations Sacrifices of animals, grain, oil, wine and other substances offered on the altar were an integral part of the service in the Mishkan (Tabernacle) and then in the Holy Temple. By Yehuda Altein Peninei Halakha Source: Korbanot – The Passages of the Sacrificial Offerings – Peninei Halakha (yhb.org.il) Korbanot – The Passages of the Sacrificial Offerings 01 – Is It an Obligation to Recite the Korbanot Passages? Every morning before prayer, we have the custom to recite the passage of the Tamid offering. However, Chazal did not officially institute this practice, and therefore, its recital is not considered to be an absolute obligation. Still, the recital of the Tamid passage is based on Chazal’s words in the Talmud (as will be clarified further). Moreover, the Chachamim established the time of the Shacharit prayer to correspond to the morning Tamid offering. Therefore, Jews have been accustomed to recite the Tamid section every day and its recital eventually became obligatory. Likewise, it is correct to recite the passage of the Ketoret (incense) every day before prayer, for it too, was brought daily. The Zohar (Vayakhel 218:2) emphasizes the great benefits from its daily recital. Hence, it is proper that even one who is in a hurry says the passage of the Tamid offering and the verses of the Ketoret. The remaining paragraphs and prayers printed as part of the Korbanot passages are important as well; however, their recital is not obligatory.[1] When someone does not have time to say the Tamid paragraph, the verses of the Ketoret, and all of Pesukei d’Zimrah, it is best that he omit Psalm 30 (“Mizmor Shir Chanukat HaBayit L’David,” and Sephardim begin “Aromimcha Hashem”) so that he can recite them. If time does not allow him, he should also omit Hodu LaHashem. It is even permissible to skip Vayevarech David, Az Yashir, and Yehi Chevod in order to recite the paragraph of the Tamid offering and the verses of the Ketoret. This is because the foundation for the recital of the Tamid passage and verses of the Ketoret is in the Talmud, whereas the other passages were added to Pesukei d’Zimrah by the Savora’im and Geonim. However, one may not skip the main parts of Pesukei d’Zimrah, meaning Baruch She’amar, Ashrei through the end of the Halleluyot, and Yishtabach, in order to say the verses of the Korbanot, since those main parts of Pesukei d’Zimrah are obligatory. Those passages are so important that the Chachamim even instituted saying blessings upon their recital.[2] [2]. The source for the recital of the berachot before and after Pesukei d’Zimrah is in the enactment of Anshei Knesset HaGedolah or the Tanna’im (see further in this book, chapter 14, note 1), and they were instituted to be said on the praise we give Hashem. The most important praise is the Psalm “Tehillah L’David” (Ashrei), as explained in Berachot 4b, and next are all the Halleluyot, which continue until the end of Psalms, as clarified in Shabbat 118b, according to the interpretation of the Rif and the Rosh. The source for the recital of the Tamid passage is in the Gemara in Ta’anit 27b and in Megillah 31b. However, it is not mentioned there as an obligation or even as a daily custom, and no berachah is recited upon it. Therefore, the main parts of Pesukei d’Zimrah precede the Tamid passage in order of importance.The first Psalm that may be skipped is Mizmor Shir Chanukat HaBayit (Sephardim begin from Aromimcha), because its recital only began approximately 300 years ago as a continuation of the recital of the Tamid. If one must skip more, he should skip Hodu LaHashem, since the basis for its recital lies in the custom to recite it when the Tamid offering was brought in the Temple, and therefore it was customary to recite it after reciting the passage of the Tamid. If so, certainly the recital of the Tamid is more important than the recital of Hodu. Yehi Chevod, Vayevarech David, and Az Yashir are additions from the time of the Savora’im and Geonim, and therefore it seems that the recital of the Tamid, whose source is in the Talmud, is more important than their recital. There is a difference in importance between the passage of the Tamid and that of the Ketoret. See Mishnah Berurah 554:7, who rules that on Tishah B’Av, Pitum HaKetoret  is not recited, for it is not part of the prayers of that day, but the Tamid passage is recited. (Although according to Kaf HaChaim 559:48 it is recited, still, we learn from the Mishnah Berurah that there is a difference in their levels of importance). Just like the Tamid, where only the verses are recited, regarding the Ketoret too, it is permissible in times of need to fulfill the obligation of its recital with verses alone, and one can suffice with reciting Chazal’s additions on the Ketoret at the end of the prayer service (see further in this book, 23:5, note 5). 02 – The Reason for the Recital of the Korbanot and the Different Stages of Prayer The korbanot express the absolute connection between the Jewish people and our Father in Heaven. This is a connection of such strong yearning for the Source of Life, for absolute perfection, that one is willing to surrender everything to Hashem, even life itself. At times, this desire intensifies when a person feels the acute contrast between his pure soul and his body, which possesses urges that pull him down towards vileness and sin. In order to attain atonement for his soul, he wishes to devote his soul to the sanctification of Heaven and to sacrifice himself to Hashem. However, HaKadosh Baruch Hu created man so that he may live and be an active partner in the rectification of the world (tikun olam), and therefore those feelings of longing for absolute devotion to God are expressed through the korbanot. Instead of a person sacrificing himself, he offers his animal, just as Avraham Avinu was ready to fulfill the will of the Creator and sacrifice Yitzchak, his only son, to Hashem, until Hashem commanded him to sacrifice the ram in his place. There are four stages in the prayer service and the passages of the Korbanot are the first stage. As a result of one’s sleep, a person is submerged in his corporeality, and in order to be able to stand before Hashem in prayer, he must first awaken and sacrifice his soul to the Master of the Universe by reciting Korbanot. Subsequently, he can purify his soul through Pesukei d’Zimrah with songs and praises to Hashem. From there, he can accept upon himself the yoke of Heaven in Keriat Shema and its berachot. Finally, he is able to rise to the highest level of prayer within when he stands before the Master of the Universe in the Amidah, and praises, pleads, and gives thanks. By praying in that manner, blessing is bestowed upon the world in abundance. The Kabbalah explains that the four stages of prayer correspond to four worlds (or realms), and that during the course of the prayer service, we ascend from the lowest world to the highest. The Korbanot correspond to the world of action (asiyah), Pesukei d’Zimrah correspond to the world of formation (yetzirah), Birkot Keriat Shema to the world of creation (beriah), and the Amidah to the highest world, the world of emanation (atzilut). The service of Hashem begins with a person’s complete acceptance upon himself that Hashem is God, and that there is no value to materialism and to life in this world as long as it remains separate from the service of Hashem. The bringing of korbanot expresses in the most concrete manner the nullification of materialism and life in this world before Hashem. Therefore, the recital of Korbanot corresponds to the world of action, because in that world all great concepts are realized in a practical and tangible manner. Afterwards, we say Pesukei d’Zimrah, which correspond to the world of formation. Following the surrender of materialism, a person’s spirit is released from its chains. It is then able to reflect upon the wonders of creation and to sing and praise Hashem. From the spiritual ascent of Pesukei d’Zimrah, we are able to recognize that the world is God’s creation, and to accept upon ourselves the complete yoke of Heaven. In the Korbanot, we do not entirely realize the fundamentals of faith; we only express our willingness to forgo everything for the sake of our belief. However, after the Korbanot and Pesukei d’Zimrah, we can elevate ourselves to complete faith in Hashem, as is set forth in Keriat Shema and expanded upon in its berachot. This stage corresponds to the world of creation, in which we comprehend the root of all things. From there, we rise to the highest level, the world of emanation, in which we are totally devoted to the Master of the Universe and completely identify with the Divine ideals. Before this, we stood before Him, sacrificed ourselves to Him, sang songs and praises to Him, and took upon ourselves the yoke of His Kingdom. Now, in the Amidah prayer, we are entirely devoted to Him and identify with His will to reveal His Name in the world. Consequently, we bless Him and pray that He bestow His abundant blessings upon the world. After that, we descend in the order of the worlds. The Tachanun prayer still corresponds to the world of emanation. In Ashrei and U’va L’Tzion, we bring the influence of prayer down to the world of creation; after that, in Shir Shel Yom, to the world of formation, and in Pitum HaKetoret, to the world of action (see Kaf HaChaim 48:1, s.v. “V’da Hakdamah”). 03 – The Source for the Recital of the Korbanot The Chachamim teach (Ta’anit 27b and Megillah 31b) that when Hashem entered a covenant with Avraham Avinu and promised him that he and his children would inherit the Land of Israel, Avraham asked HaKadosh Baruch Hu, “Master of the Universe, perhaps, Heaven forbid, the nation of Israel will sin before You, and You will do to them as You did to the generation of the flood and the generation of the dispersion?” Hashem answered, “I will not do that to them.” Avraham said, “How will I know that You will not destroy their name?” Hashem responded, “Bring me three calves…”  By that, He hinted to him that the institution of the korbanot will be witness to the eternal connection between Israel and Hashem. Therefore, even if sins should be found within the Jewish nation, it is only because of external influences – in their core the Jewish people are righteous and are all connected to Hashem. Therefore, by the offering of korbanot, an act which expresses Israel’s absolute devotion to Hashem, their sins will be atoned. Avraham Avinu said before Him, “Master of the Universe, and what will be when the Temple will be destroyed; how will their sins be atoned?” HaKadosh Baruch Hu answered, “I have already instituted the Korbanot passages for them. Every time they recite them, I will consider it as if they are bringing an offering before Me, and I will forgive them for all their sins.” Further, the Chachamim say that anyone who engages himself in the laws of the Chatat (sin) offering, it is as if he offered a Chatat; and anyone who engrosses himself in the laws of the Asham (guilt) offering, it is as if he offered an Asham. Likewise, when one engages himself in the laws of any of the korbanot, it is as if he brought those offerings (Menachot 110a). The idea behind this is that every deed performed in the world possesses an inner soul. The soul of a mitzvah is the words of Torah that discuss that mitzvah. These ideas especially pertain to the korbanot, for the essence of the korbanot is to express our connection to Hashem. Therefore, when one cannot actually bring the offerings, the study of them is considered a substitute for their sacrifice (see also Maharal, Gevurot Hashem, chapter 8). 04 – The Korbanot Passages We open the section of the Korbanot with the passage of the Akeidah, describing the sacrifice of Yitzchak. The readiness of Avraham Avinu to bring his only son as an offering is the ultimate sacrifice, and this is the foundation for all the commandments involving korbanot. Further, its recital awakens our hearts to the love of Hashem and to serve Him in total devotion. Moreover, in its recital we mention the merit of our forefathers – after the Akeidah passage, we request that Hashem, in the merit of the sacrifice of Yitzchak, have mercy on us and redeem us. After that, it is customary to recite words of inspiration in preparation for prayer and for the service of Hashem, including the first section of “Shema Yisrael.” According to the Yerushalmi, we end with the berachah, “Blessed are You Hashem, Who sanctifies Your Name among the multitudes,” and that is true for Nusach Ashkenaz. However, since this berachah is not mentioned in the Talmud Bavli, those praying in Nusach Sephard recite the blessing, “Blessed is the Sanctifier of His Name among the multitudes,” without saying Hashem’s Name.[3] Next, we arrive at the Korbanot passages themselves. According to the Ashkenazic minhag, we first recite the paragraph of the Kiyor (laver) and the passage regarding the Terumat HaDeshen (the removal of ashes), for the Kohanim would start the work in the Temple with them every morning. Furthermore, just as the Kohanim would become purified in preparation for their work by washing their hands and feet in the Kiyor, our recital of the passage of the Kiyor in the Shacharit service purifies us in preparation for prayer. Afterwards, according to all minhagim, the Tamid passage is recited, and we request that its recital be considered as if we are bringing a Tamid offering. Subsequently, we recite the verses of the Ketoret and we say rabbinic explanations regarding its mixture. We then add verses of praise and recite the paragraph, “Abayei listed the order of the altar service,” which is a small summary of the work in the Temple. We then recite the poem, “Ana B’Cho’ach,” which also alludes to the sacrificing of korbanot, and we conclude with a prayer requesting that our words be considered as if we actually offered the Korban Tamid. The Korbanot passages must be recited after amud hashachar, for that is the time to bring the offerings (Shulchan Aruch 1:6; 47:13). There are those who say that it is good to recite them while standing, following the example of the Kohanim who would stand while the sacrificial offerings were being brought (based on the Magen Avraham and see Mishnah Berurah 48:1). Nevertheless, according to most poskim, one need not stand, and that is the Sephardic minhag (Kaf HaChaim 1:33). After that, we say the chapter, “Eizehu mekoman shel zevachim” (“What is the location of the offerings?”) (Mishnah, Zevachim chapter 5). There are two reasons for its recital. First, it explains the place of the sacrifice and the sprinkling of the blood of the korbanot, and its recital corresponds to the offering of those korbanot. Second, the Chachamim wanted every Jew to learn Scripture, Mishnah, and Talmud every day (see Kiddushin 30a). When one recites the Tamid passage, he fulfills the obligation to learn Scripture. When he recites this chapter, he fulfills the obligation of learning Mishnah. Subsequently, he recites a beraita attributed to Rabbi Yishmael concerning the thirteen methods through which the Torah is elucidated, thereby fulfilling the obligation to learn Talmud. Although the Shulchan Aruch writes (Orach Chaim 1:5) that it is best to recite all the Korbanot passages, namely, the passage of the Olah (burnt offering), Minchah (meal offering), Shelamim (peace offering), Chatat (sin offering), and Asham (guilt offering) (from the Torah portions of Vayikra and Tzav), in actuality, it was not customary to recite them, and they were not even printed in siddurim. There are those who say that by reciting the chapter, “Eizehu mekoman,” within which all the korbanot are mentioned, one fulfills to a certain extent the learning of those matters (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:9; Eshel Avraham). It is proper that every year when we arrive at the Torah-reading portions of Vayikra and Tzav we learn them well, for one who learns them is considered as if he sacrificed the offerings (Menachot 110a). 05 – The Reason for the Tamid Offering As we learned (in halachah 1), one should be meticulous in saying the verses of the Tamid offering and the Ketoret daily; therefore, we will somewhat clarify their subject matter. The Tamid offering is the most important of the korbanot since it is the most constant; every day of the year it was brought, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. For that reason, it is the korban that represents the continuous connection between the nation of Israel and our Father in Heaven. All of Israel participated in the bringing of the Tamid offering, since it was bought with the money collected from the half-shekel that every Jew, rich and poor alike, donated each year to the Temple. It therefore symbolizes the unity of Israel. Because Israel is the heart of the nations, Hashem’s unity is expressed through the bringing of the Tamid offering, for the entire world connects to the Source of Life via that single Tamid offering (see Maharal Netiv HaAvodah 1). The course of life consists of birth, development, and eventually death. Every day, people die, some due to old age, others as a result of accidents or diseases. In the animal kingdom as well, myriads of living creatures die daily. The same holds true for plant life; every day millions of trees, bushes, and flowers wither and wilt. The big question is: what is the significance of this whole process? Is this an inconsequential cycle of life and death, lacking purpose and meaning? Or perhaps there is a general direction towards which all life aspires? An answer to this question lies in the Korban Tamid. The entire world strives towards elevation and perfection. Part of this elevation is accomplished through growth and development; another part is achieved through death. This cessation of physical life is not for naught. In actuality, it is a sacrificial offering, which expresses the endeavor towards perfection. Because it is impossible in this world to achieve perfection, after completing all the possible actions and feasible elevations, one’s spirit continues to yearn for ascent but his body ages, his vessel becomes worn out, and his spirit detaches from his body and rises, returning to its origin. That is why the Kohanim would bring the Tamid offering in the most sacred place in the world, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. This korban was representative of all physical life that had ceased to exist in this world on that day. The bringing of the Korban Tamid gave that life meaning, the significance being its return to its origin and its spiritual ascent as a pleasing fragrance to God (see Maharal Netiv HaAvodah 1). 06 – The Reason for the Ketoret Just as the Tamid offering was brought daily, the Ketoret (incense) was also brought every day, half in the morning and half in the afternoon. The Korban Tamid expresses Israel’s connection to Hashem, and the bond that all worldly creations have to their source of life. Therefore its organs were offered on the exterior altar, visible to all. However, the Ketoret gives expression to the deep inner connection between Israel and Hashem, and therefore it was offered on the interior altar inside the Temple. The Tamid offering connects all creations in their material and tangible components to Hashem. For that reason, the essence of the offering was the blood thrown on the altar and the organs offered upon it. The Korban HaKetoret, on the other hand, is the quintessential spiritual offering, epitomized by the incomparably pleasing scent that emanates from the spices of the incense. Through the Ketoret, a sublime spiritual light appears in the world which illuminates the inner souls of all creations and connects everything to holiness. Therefore, it was made out of spices that exude a pleasant scent, for smell is the most refined and spiritual pleasure there is in the world. The scent extends in all directions, to hint that all creations are influenced by an inner spiritual illumination that elevates them and binds them to holiness (Olat Ra’ayah p. 135). There were eleven spices in the Ketoret, all grounded thoroughly together so that they would be united completely, producing a favorable scent. Similarly, by unifying all powers completely for the sake of holiness, the world is uplifted and repaired. One of the primary spices in the incense is the chelbenah (galbanum), which alludes to the sinners of Israel, who, in their roots, are equally connected to the sanctity of Israel. The chelbenah had a particularly foul aroma. However, blended with the special mixture of the Ketoret, its odor would transform to good; instead of ruining the fragrance of the Ketoret, the addition of the chelbenah would make the smell of the Ketoret even more praiseworthy. This comes to teach us that when all the forces of Israel unite for the sake of a sanctified goal, the inner merit of the sinners of Israel is revealed, and they too join to aid in the rectification of the Jewish nation and the world (see Olat Ra’ayah, part 1, pp. 136-138). Today think about the above when the Jewish people and Bet Yisrael starting to Pray on His Holy Chosen Place. Siddur Sefard, Weekday Shacharit, Korbanot Translation based on the Metsudah linear siddur, by Avrohom Davis, 1981 Weekday Shacharit, Korbanot אמרו חכמים (מנחות קי.) מאי דכתיב זאת תורת החטאת וזאת תורת האשם. כל העוסק בתורת חטאת כאילו הקריב חטאת וכל העוסק בתורת אשם כאילו הקריב אשם. ולכן אין די באמירת הפסוקים לבד אלא יתבונן בטעמי הקרבנות ובדיניהם כפי השגתו. The Talmud (Maseches Menachos 110a) states: Rabbi Isaac asked, "Why does it say (Leviticus 6:18; 7:1) This is the law of the sin-offering, this is the law of the guilt-offering? To teach us that when one studies the law of the sin-offering, it is considered as though he had actually brought it on the Altar, and when one studies the law of the guilt-offering, it is as though he actually brought it on the Altar." Rather than merely recite the following portions, study them and attempt to learn about the laws and significance of the various sacrifices. וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־משֶׁה לֵּאמֹר: וְעָשִֽׂיתָ כִּיּוֹר נְחֽשֶׁת וְכַנּוֹ נְחֽשֶׁת לְרָחְצָה וְנָתַתָּ אֹתוֹ בֵּין־אֹֽהֶל מוֹעֵד וּבֵין הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ וְנָתַתָּ שָֽׁמָּה מָֽיִם: וְרָחֲצוּ אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו מִמֶּֽנּוּ אֶת־יְדֵיהֶם וְאֶת־רַגְלֵיהֶם: בְּבֹאָם אֶל־אֹֽהֶל מוֹעֵד יִרְחֲצוּ־מַֽיִם וְלֹא יָמֻֽתוּ אוֹ בְגִשְׁתָּם אֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ לְשָׁרֵת לְהַקְטִיר אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָֹה: וְרָחֲצוּ יְדֵיהֶם וְרַגְלֵיהֶם וְלֹא יָמֻֽתוּ וְהָיְ֒תָה לָהֶם חָק־עוֹלָם לוֹ וּלְזַרְעוֹ לְדֹרֹתָם: (Exodus 30:17-21) And Adonoy spoke to Moses to say: Make a copper laver and a copper base, for washing; and place it between the Tent of Meeting and the Altar, and put water in it. Aaron and his sons will wash from it, their hands and their feet. Upon entering the Tent of Meeting they will wash with water that they not die, or whenever they approach the Altar to serve, to burn a fire-offering to Adonoy. They will wash their hands and feet that they not die; and this is for them a perpetual statute for him [Aaron], and his descendants for all their generations. תרומת הדשן קודמת לכל עבודות לפיכך יאמר פרשת תרומת הדשן קודם פרשת התמיד. ואומרה אף שלא האיר היום. The following Scripture section describes the removal of the ashes which had accumulated on the Altar from the daily burnt-offering of the previous afternoon. This removal was performed prior to the daily morning burnt-offering. The passage below also describes the ritual of maintaining the wood pyres which were always burning on the Altar. וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־משֶׁה לֵּאמֹר: צַו אֶת־אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת־בָּנָיו לֵאמֹר זֹאת תּוֹרַת הָעֹלָה הִוא הָעֹלָה עַל מוֹקְ֒דָה עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ כָּל־הַלַּֽיְלָה עַד־הַבֹּֽקֶר וְאֵשׁ הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ תּוּקַד בּוֹ: וְלָבַשׁ הַכֹּהֵן מִדּוֹ בַד וּמִכְנְ֒סֵי־בַד יִלְבַּשׁ עַל־בְּשָׂרוֹ וְהֵרִים אֶת־הַדֶּֽשֶׁן אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכַל הָאֵשׁ אֶת הָעֹלָה עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ וְשָׂמוֹ אֵֽצֶל הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ: וּפָשַׁט אֶת־בְּגָדָיו וְלָבַשׁ בְּגָדִים אֲחֵרִים וְהוֹצִיא אֶת־הַדֶּֽשֶׁן אֶל־מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה אֶל־מָקוֹם טָהוֹר: וְהָאֵשׁ עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ תּֽוּקַד־בּוֹ לֹא תִכְבֶּה וּבִעֵר עָלֶֽיהָ הַכֹּהֵן עֵצִים בַּבֹּֽקֶר בַּבֹּֽקֶר וְעָרַךְ עָלֶֽיהָ הָעֹלָה וְהִקְטִיר עָלֶֽיהָ חֶלְבֵי הַשְּׁ֒לָמִים: אֵשׁ תָּמִיד תּוּקַד עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ לֹא תִכְבֶּה: (Leviticus 6:1) And Adonoy spoke to Moses to say: Command Aaron and his sons to say, this is the law of the burnt-offering. This is the burnt-offering [which must remain] on its pyre, upon the Altar all night, until morning, and the fire of the Altar will be kept burning on it. The Kohein will don his linen garment, and linen breeches upon his flesh, and he will remove the ashes when the fire consumes the burnt-offering on the Altar; and he will place them beside the Altar. He will remove his garments and don other garments, and carry the ashes outside the camp to an undefiled place. The fire upon the altar will be kept burning, it may not be extinguished. And the Kohein will burn wood on it every morning, and arrange on it the burnt-offering, and burn on it the fats of the peace-offerings. A constant fire will be kept burning on the Altar, it may not be extinguished. אומרים פרשת התמיד. ואם אי אפשר לאומרה בצבור יכול לאומרה בביתו ולחזור לקרותה עם הצבור. ויכוין בפעם השנייה כקורא בתורה (טור). יש מי שמצריך לעמוד בשעת אמירת הקרבנות, דהקרבת קרבן אינו אלא בעמידה (מגן אברהם). The Tamid-offerings, two daily offerings of one lamb at a time, were offered once in the morning and once in the afternoon. The former was the first public-offering brought on the Altar each day. And the latter terminated the day's offerings. These animals were purchased from the annual half-shekel gifts of the people and were offered on behalf of the entire Jewish People. Before reading this passage we offer a brief prayer. יש שאין אומרים 'יהי רצון' בשבת ויום טוב Some do not say the following prayer on Sabbath and Yom Tov. יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּ֒פָנֶֽיךָ, יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ, שֶׁתְּ֒רַחֵם עָלֵֽינוּ וְתִמְחָל לָֽנוּ עַל כָּל חַטֹּאתֵֽינוּ וּתְכַפֶּר לָֽנוּ אֶת כָּל עֲוֹנוֹתֵֽינוּ וְתִסְלַח לָֽנוּ עַל־כָּל פְּשָׁעֵֽינוּ וְשֶׁתִּבְנֶה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בִּמְהֵרָה בְיָמֵֽינוּ וְנַקְרִיב לְפָנֶֽיךָ קָרְבַּן הַתָּמִיד שֶׁיְּ֒כַפֵּר בַּעֲדֵֽנוּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַֽבְתָּ עָלֵֽינוּ בְּתוֹרָתֶֽךָ, עַל יְדֵי משֶׁה עַבְדֶּֽךָ, מִפִּי כְבוֹדֶֽךָ כָּאָמוּר: May it be Your will, Adonoy, our God and God of our fathers, to have compassion on us, to forgive us all our sins, [done unknowingly], to atone all our iniquities, [done knowingly], to pardon all our [malicious] transgressions, and may You build the Holy Temple quickly, in our days, that we may offer, before You, the daily burnt-offering to atone for us, as You wrote for us in Your Torah by the hand of Moses, Your servant, from the mouth of Your Reverence, as it is said: וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־משֶׁה לֵּאמֹר: צַו אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם אֶת־קָרְבָּנִי לַחְמִי לְאִשַּׁי רֵֽיחַ נִיחֹחִי תִּשְׁמְ֒רוּ לְהַקְרִיב לִי בְּמוֹעֲדוֹ: וְאָמַרְתָּ לָהֶם זֶה הָאִשֶּׁה אֲשֶׁר תַּקְרִֽיבוּ לַיהוָֹה כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה תְמִימִם שְׁנַֽיִם לַיּוֹם עֹלָה תָמִיד: אֶת־הַכֶּֽבֶשׂ אֶחָד תַּעֲשֶׂה בַבֹּֽקֶר וְאֵת הַכֶּֽבֶשׂ הַשֵּׁנִי תַּעֲשֶׂה בֵּין הָעַרְבָּֽיִם: וַֽעֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה סֹֽלֶת לְמִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בְּשֶֽׁמֶן כָּתִית רְבִיעִת הַהִין: עֹלַת תָּמִיד הָעֲשֻׂיָה בְּהַר סִינַי לְרֵֽיחַ נִיחֹֽחַ אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָֹה: וְנִסְכּוֹ רְבִיעִת הַהִין לַכֶּֽבֶשׂ הָאֶחָד בַּקֹּֽדֶשׁ הַסֵּךְ נֶֽסֶךְ שֵׁכָר לַיהוָֹה: וְאֵת הַכֶּֽבֶשׂ הַשֵּׁנִי תַּעֲשֶׂה בֵּין הָעַרְבָּֽיִם כְּמִנְחַת הַבֹּֽקֶר וּכְנִסְכּוֹ תַּעֲשֶׂה אִשֵּׁה רֵֽיחַ נִיחֹֽחַ לַיהוָֹה: (Numbers 28:1-8) And Adonoy spoke to Moses to say: Command the Children of Israel, and say to them: My offering, My food, to be consumed by My fires, a pleasing odor to Me, You shall be diligent to bring unto Me, at its fixed time. And you will say to them: This is the fire-offering that you will bring unto Adonoy: [male] lambs, in their first year, without blemish, two [of them] each day, as a constant burnt-offering. Offer one lamb in the morning, and the second lamb, offer in the afternoon. And a tenth of an ephah of fine flour as a meal-offering, mixed with oil of crushed [olives] measuring one-fourth of a hin. [This is] a constant burnt-offering as offered at Mount Sinai for a pleasing odor, a fire-offering to Adonoy. And its libation will be a fourth of a hin for the one lamb; in the Holy [Sanctuary] you will pour out a drink-offering of strong wine to Adonoy. And the second lamb you will offer in the afternoon; as the meal-offering of the morning [together] with its libation, you shall offer a fire-offering of pleasing odor to Adonoy. וְשָׁחַט אֹתוֹ עַל יֶֽרֶךְ הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ צָפֹֽנָה לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה וְזָרְקוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֲנִים אֶת־דָּמוֹ עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ סָבִיב: (Leviticus 1:11) And he will slaughter it on the north side of the Altar, before Adonoy; and Aaron's sons, the Kohanim, will sprinkle its blood all around the Altar. יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּ֒פָנֶֽיךָ, יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ, שֶׁתְּ֒הֵא אֲמִירָה זוּ, חֲשׁוּבָה וּמְקֻבֶּֽלֶת, וּמְרֻצָּה לְפָנֶֽיךָ, כְּאִלּוּ הִקְרַֽבְנוּ קָרְבַּן הַתָּמִיד בְּמוֹעֲדוֹ, וּבִמְ֒קוֹמוֹ וּכְהִלְכָתוֹ: May it be Your will, Adonoy, our God and God of our fathers, that this recitation be important, acceptable and desirable before You, as if we sacrificed the daily burnt-offering at its proper time, in its proper place and according to its laws. אַתָּה הוּא יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ שֶׁהִקְטִֽירוּ אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ לְפָנֶֽיךָ אֶת קְטֹֽרֶת הַסַּמִּים בִּזְמַן שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיָה קַיָּם כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתָ אוֹתָם עַל יְדֵי משֶׁה נְבִיאֶֽךָ כַּכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרָתֶֽךָ: You are Adonoy, our God, before Whom our fathers burned the incense of spices when the Holy Temple was standing, as You commanded them by the hand of Moses Your prophet, as it is written in Your Torah: וַיֹּֽאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־משֶׁה קַח־לְךָ סַמִּים נָטָף וּשְׁחֵֽלֶת וְחֶלְבְּנָה סַמִּים וּלְבֹנָה זַכָּה בַּד בְּבַד יִהְיֶה: וְעָשִֽׂיתָ אֹתָהּ קְטֹֽרֶת רֹֽקַח מַעֲשֵׂה רוֹקֵֽחַ מְמֻלָּח טָהוֹר קֹֽדֶשׁ: וְשָׁחַקְתָּ מִמֶּֽנָּה הָדֵק וְנָתַתָּה מִמֶּֽנָּה לִפְנֵי הָעֵדֻת בְּאֹֽהֶל מוֹעֵד אֲשֶׁר אִוָּעֵד לְךָ שָֽׁמָּה קֹֽדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים תִּהְיֶה לָכֶם: וְנֶאֱמַר (Exodus 30:34-36) And Adonoy said to Moses, Take for yourself spices— stacte, onycha, and galbanum— spices, and pure frankincense, [they] shall be in equal weights. You will make it into incense, a compound mixed by a compounder, salted, undefiled, and holy. You will pulverize some of it very fine, and place it before the [Ark of] Testimony in the Tent of Meeting, where I will meet with you; it will be to you holy of holies." It is also written: וְהִקְטִיר עָלָיו אַהֲרֹן קְטֹֽרֶת סַמִּים בַּבֹּֽקֶר בַּבֹּֽקֶר בְּהֵיטִיבוֹ אֶת־הַנֵּרֹת יַקְטִירֶֽנָּה: וּבְהַעֲלֹת אַהֲרֹן אֶת־הַנֵּרֹת בֵּין הָֽעַרְבַּֽיִם יַקְטִירֶֽנָּה קְטֹֽרֶת תָּמִיד לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם: (Exodus 30:7-8) And Aaron shall burn upon it [the Altar] incense of spices every morning; when he cleans the lamps he will burn it. And when Aaron lights the lamps in the afternoon, he will burn it; a constant incense-offering before Adonoy throughout your generations. תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן פִּטּוּם הַקְּ֒טֹֽרֶת כֵּיצַד שְׁלֹש מֵאוֹת וְשִׁשִּׁים וּשְׁמוֹנָה מָנִים הָיוּ בָהּ, שְׁלֹש מֵאוֹת וְשִׁשִּׁים וַחֲמִשָּׁה כְּמִנְיַן יְמוֹת הַחַמָּה מָנֶה לְכָל יוֹם, פְּרַס בַּשַּׁחֲרִית וּפְרַס בֵּין הָעַרְבָּֽיִם, וּשְׁלשָׁה מָנִים יְתֵרִים שֶׁמֵּהֶם מַכְנִיס כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל מְלֹא חָפְנָיו בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, וּמַחֲזִירָן לְמַכְתֶּֽשֶׁת בְּעֶֽרֶב יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, וְשׁוֹחֲקָן יָפֶה יָפֶה כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּ֒הֵא דַקָּה מִן הַדַּקָּה, וְאַחַד עָשָׂר סַמָּנִים הָֽיוּ בָהּ, וְאֵֽלּוּ הֵן הַצֳּרִי וְהַצִּפֹּֽרֶן הַחֶלְבְּנָה וְהַלְּ֒בוֹנָה מִשְׁקַל שִׁבְעִים שִׁבְעִים מָנֶה, מוֹר וּקְצִיעָה שִׁבֹּֽלֶת נֵרְדְּ וְכַרְכֹּם מִשְׁקַל שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר מָנֶה, הַקּשְׁטְ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר וְקִלּוּפָה שְׁלשָׁה וְקִנָּמוֹן תִּשְׁעָה, בֹּרִית כַּרְשִׁינָה תִּשְׁעָה קַבִּין, יֵין קַפְרִיסִין סְאִין תְּלָתָא וְקַבִּין תְּלָתָא, וְאִם אֵין לוֹ יֵין קַפְרִיסִין מֵבִיא חֲמַר חִוַּרְיָן עַתִּיק, מֶֽלַח סְדוֹמִית רֹֽבַע הַקָּב, מַעֲלֶה עָשָׁן כָּל שֶׁהוּא, רַבִּי נָתָן הַבַּבְלִי אוֹמֵר אַף כִּפַּת הַיַּרְדֵּן כָּל שֶׁהוּא, וְאִם נָֽתַן בָּהּ דְּבַשׁ פְּסָלָהּ וְאִם חִסַּר אַחַת מִכָּל סַמָּנֶֽיהָ חַיָּב מִיתָה: (Maseches Kreisos 6a; Jerusalem Talmud, Maseches Yoma 4:5) The Rabbis taught: How was the incense compounded? Three hundred and sixty-eight manim were comprised therein, three hundred and sixty-five corresponding to the number of days in the solar year, one maneh for each day— half in the morning and half in the afternoon. From the three remaining manim the Kohein Gadol brought two handfuls [into the Holy of Holies] on Yom Kippur; [for which purpose] they were put back into the mortar on the eve of Yom Kippur, and ground [again] very thoroughly, in order to make them very fine. Eleven kinds of spices were used for it. They were: 1) balm, 2) onycha, 3) galbanum, 4) frankincense— by weight, seventy maneh of each; 5) myrrh, 6) cassia, 7) spikenard and 8) saffron— in weight sixteen maneh of each; 9) twelve maneh of costus, 10) three of aromatic bark, and 11) nine of cinnamon. [Also used in the incense compound were:] Nine kabin of Carshina lye, Cyprus wine [measuring] three s'in and three kabin— if he had no Cyprus wine, he could use strong white wine— a fourth of a kab of Sodom salt, and a minute quantity of maaleh ashan. Rabbi Nosson of Babylonia says, Jordan amber was added of a minute quantity, and if one added honey, it (the incense) became unfit; and if one omitted any of its spices he was liable to the death penalty." רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר הַצֳּרִי אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא שְׂרָף הַנּוֹטֵף מֵעֲצֵי הַקְּ֒טָף, בֹּרִית כַּרְשִׁינָה שֶׁשָׁפִין בָּה אֶת הַצִפֹּרֶן כִּדֵי שֶׁתְּ֒הֵא נָאָה יֵין קַפְרִיסִין שֶׁשׁוֹרִין בּוֹ אֶת הַצִפֹּרֶן כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּ֒הֵא עַזָּה, וַהֲלֹא מֵי רַגְלַֽיִם יָפִין לָהּ אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין מַכְנִיסִין מֵי רַגְלַֽיִם בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד: Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel says: The balm is nothing but sap which drips from the balsam tree. the lye of Carshina was used for rubbing the onycha in order to refine its appearance. The Cyprus wine was used to soak the onycha to give it a pungent odor. Though the water of Raglayim was well suited for that purpose, they did not bring the water of Raglayim into the Temple because it would be disrespectful. תַּנְיָא רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר כְּשֶׁהוּא שׁוֹחֵק אוֹמֵר הָדֵק הֵיטֵב הֵיטֵב הָדֵק מִפְּ֒נֵי שֶׁהַקּוֹל יָפֶה לַבְּ֒שָׂמִים, פִּטְּ֒מָהּ לַחֲצָאִין כְּשֵׁרָה לִשְׁלִישׁ וְלִרְבִֽיעַ לֹא שָׁמַֽעְנוּ: אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה זֶה הַכְּ֒לָל אִם כְּמִדָּתָהּ כְּשֵׁרָה לַחֲצָאִין וְאִם חִסַּר אַחַת מִכָּל סַמָּנֶֽיהָ חַיָּב מִיתָה: It was taught in a Boraysa: Rabbi Nosson says, While [the Kohein] ground [the incense] he would say, ‘Hodeik heiteiv, heiteiv hodeik,' because the sound is good for the spices. If half the quantity of incense was prepared it was acceptable, but if only a third or a fourth [of it was prepared] we have not heard [whether it was acceptable."] Rabbi Yehuda said, This is the general rule: If [it was prepared with all its ingredients] in the correct proportion, it is acceptable even if only half was prepared; but if he left out any of its spices, he was liable for the death penalty. תַּנְיָא בַּר קַפָּרָא אוֹמֵר אַחַת לְשִׁשִּׁים אוֹ לְשִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה הָיְ֒תָה בָאָה שֶׁל שִׁירַֽיִם לַחֲצָאִין: וְעוֹד תָּנֵי בַּר קַפָּרָא אִלּוּ הָיָה נוֹתֵן בָּהּ קוֹרְ֒טוֹב שֶׁל דְּבַשׁ אֵין אָדָם יָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד מִפְּ֒נֵי רֵיחָהּ וְלָֽמָּה אֵין מְעָרְ֒בִין בָּהּ דְּבַשׁ מִפְּ֒נֵי שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה אָמְ֒רָה כִּי כָל־שְׂאֹר וְכָל־דְּבַשׁ לֹא־תַקְטִֽירוּ מִמֶּֽנּוּ אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָֹה: It was taught in a Boraysa: Bar Kappara says, Once in sixty or seventy years the accumulated surplus was sufficient to provide half [the yearly quantity of incense."] Bar Kappara also taught, If he would have put into it a minute quantity of honey, no one could have withstood [resisted] the scent. Why was no honey mixed with it? Because the Torah says, (Leviticus 2:11) For any leaven or honey, do not burn from them, [as] a fire-offering to Adonoy. אומר ג' פעמים: Recite each of these verses three times: יְהֹוָה צְבָאוֹת עִמָּֽנוּ מִשְׂגַּב־לָֽנוּ אֱלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב סֶֽלָה: יְהֹוָה צְבָאוֹת אַשְׁרֵי אָדָם בֹּטֵֽחַ בָּךְ: יְהֹוָה הוֹשִֽׁיעָה הַמֶּֽלֶךְ יַעֲנֵֽנוּ בְיוֹם־קָרְאֵֽנוּ: Adonoy of Hosts is with us, a stronghold for us is the God of Jacob, Selah! Adonoy of Hosts, fortunate is the man who trusts in You. Adonoy, deliver [us]! The King will answer us on the day we call. אַתָּה סֵֽתֶר לִי מִצַּר תִּצְּ֒רֵֽנִי רָנֵּי פַלֵּט תְּסוֹבְ֒בֵֽנִי סֶֽלָה: וְעָרְ֒בָה לַיהוָֹה מִנְחַת יְהוּדָה וִירוּשָׁלָֽםִ כִּימֵי עוֹלָם וּכְשָׁנִים קַדְמֹנִיּוֹת: You are my shelter; from distress You preserve me; with glad song of rescue, You envelop me, Selah! Let Adonoy be pleased with the offerings of Judah and Jerusalem, as in the days of old and in earlier years. אַבַּיֵּי הֲוָה מְסַדֵּר סֵֽדֶר הַמַּעֲרָכָה מִשְּׁ֒מָא דִגְמָרָא וְאַלִּבָּא דְאַבָּא שָׁאוּל, מַעֲרָכָה גְדוֹלָה קוֹדֶֽמֶת לְמַעֲרָכָה שְׁנִיָּה שֶׁל קְטֹֽרֶת, וּמַעֲרָכָה שְׁנִיָּה שֶׁל קְטֹֽרֶת קוֹדֶֽמֶת לְסִדּוּר שְׁנֵי גִזְרֵי עֵצִים, וְסִדּוּר שְׁנֵי גִזְרֵי עֵצִים קֽוֹדֶם לְדִשּׁוּן מִזְבֵּֽחַ הַפְּ֒נִימִי, וְדִשּׁוּן מִזְבֵּֽחַ הַפְּ֒נִימִי קֽוֹדֶם לְהַטָּבַת חָמֵשׁ נֵרוֹת, וְהַטָּבַת חָמֵשׁ נֵרוֹת קוֹדֶֽמֶת לְדַם הַתָּמִיד, וְדַם הַתָּמִיד קֽוֹדֶם לְהַטָּבַת שְׁתֵּי נֵרוֹת, וְהַטָּבַת שְׁתֵּי נֵרוֹת קוֹדֶֽמֶת לִקְטֹֽרֶת, וּקְטֹֽרֶת קוֹדֶֽמֶת לְאֵבָרִים, וְאֵבָרִים לְמִנְחָה, וּמִנְחָה לַחֲבִתִּין, וַחֲבִתִּין לִנְסָכִין, וּנְסָכִין לְמוּסָפִין, וּמוּסָפִין לְבָזִיכִין, וּבָזִיכִין קוֹדְ֒מִין לְתָמִיד שֶׁל בֵּין הָעַרְבָּֽיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְעָרַךְ עָלֶֽיהָ הָעֹלָה וְהִקְטִיר עָלֶֽיהָ חֶלְבֵי הַשְּׁ֒לָמִים, עָלֶֽיהָ הַשְׁלֵם כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת כֻּלָּם: Abbaye listed the order of the [daily] Altar service based on tradition, and according to the opinion of Abba Shaul: the [arranging on the Altar of the] great Pyre precedes the second pyre [from which live coals are taken] for the incense-offering; the second pyre of the incense-offering [is arranged] before the placement of two logs [on the large pyre] the placement of the two logs precedes the removal of the ashes from the inner Altar; the removal of the ashes from the inner Altar precedes the cleaning of five lamps [of the Menorah]; the cleaning of the five lamps precedes [sprinkling] the blood of the daily-offering; the blood of the daily-offering precedes the cleaning of the [remaining] two lamps; the cleaning of the two lamps precedes the incense-offering; the incense-offering precedes [burning] the limbs [of the daily-offering]; burning the limbs [precedes] the meal-offering; the meal-offering [precedes] the baking-pan-offering; the baking-pan-offerings [precede] the wine libations; the wine-libations [precede] the Mussaf-offering; the Mussaf-offering [precedes] the two bowls of frankincense; and the two bowls of frankincense precede the daily afternoon-offering, for it is said, (Leviticus 6:5) And [the Kohein] shall arrange on it the burnt-offering, and burn on it the fat of the peace-offerings. Therewith complete all the offerings [of the day.] ואח"כ יאמר תפלת רבי נחוניא בן הקנה: The following is the prayer of Rabbi Nechunya ben Hakanah: אָֽנָּא בְּכֹֽחַ גְּדֻלַּת יְמִינְ֒ךָ תַּתִּיר צְרוּרָה: קַבֵּל רִנַּת עַמְּ֒ךָ שַׂגְּ֒בֵֽנוּ טַהֲרֵֽנוּ נוֹרָא: נָא גִבּוֹר דּוֹרְ֒שֵׁי יִחוּדְ֒ךָ כְּבָבַת שָׁמְ֒רֵם: בָּרְ֒כֵם טַהֲרֵם רַחֲמֵם צִדְקָתְ֒ךָ תָּמִיד גָּמְ֒לֵם: חֲסִין קָדוֹשׁ בְּרֹב טוּבְ֒ךָ נַהֵל עֲדָתֶֽךָ: יָחִיד גֵּאֶה לְעַמְּ֒ךָ פְּנֵה, זוֹכְ֒רֵי קְדֻשָּׁתֶֽךָ: שַׁוְעָתֵֽנוּ קַבֵּל וּשְׁמַע צַעֲקָתֵֽנוּ יוֹדֵֽעַ תַּעֲלוּמוֹת: בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד: Please, by the force of Your great right hand, release the bound one. Accept the prayer of Your people; strengthen us, purify us, Awesome One! Please! Mighty One, those who seek Your Unity, preserve them like the pupil [of Your eye]. Bless them, purify them, have compassion on them; Your benevolent righteousness [may You] always bestow upon them. Mighty, Holy One, in Your abundant goodness, lead Your community. Unique One, Exalted, turn to Your people who are mindful of Your holiness. Accept our prayer and hear our cry, [You] Who knows hidden thoughts. Blessed [is His] Name, Whose glorious kingdom is forever and ever. רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים אַתָּה צִוִּיתָֽנוּ לְהַקְרִיב קָרְבַּן הַתָּמִיד בְּמוֹעֲדוֹ וְלִהְיוֹת כֹּהֲנִים בַּעֲבוֹדָתָם וּלְוִיִּם בְּדוּכָנָם וְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמַעֲמָדָם, וְעַתָּה בַּעֲוֹנוֹתֵֽינוּ חָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וּבֻטַּל הַתָּמִיד וְאֵין לָֽנוּ לֹא כֹהֵן בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ וְלֹא לֵוִי בְּדוּכָנוֹ וְלֹא יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמַעֲמָדוֹ. לָכֵן יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּ֒פָנֶֽיךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ שֶׁיְּ֒הֵא שִֽׂיחַ שִׂפְתוֹתֵֽינוּ חָשׁוּב וּמְקֻבָּל וּמְרֻצֶּה לְפָנֶֽיךָ כְּאִלּוּ הִקְרַֽבְנוּ קָרְבַּן הַתָּמִיד בְּמוֹעֲדוֹ וְעָמַֽדְנוּ עַל מַעֲמָדוֹ. כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וּנְשַׁלְּ֒מָה פָרִים שְׂפָתֵֽינוּ: וְנֶאֶמַר וְשָׁחַט אֹתוֹ עַל יֶֽרֶךְ הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ צָפֹֽנָה לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה וְזָרְ֒קוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֲנִים אֶת־דָּמוֹ עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ סָבִיב: וְנֶאֱמַר זֹאת הַתּוֹרָה לָעֹלָה לַמִּנְחָה וְלַחַטָּאת וְלָאָשָׁם וְלַמִּלּוּאִים וּלְזֶֽבַח הַשְּׁ֒לָמִים: Master of the Worlds, You commanded us to bring the Daily offering at its appointed time; and have the Kohanim perform their service, and the Levites [sing and play music] on the platform, and the Israelites [attend] at their Ma'amad. And now, because of our sins, the Holy Temple is destroyed, and the Daily offering discontinued; we have neither a Kohein at his service, nor a Levite on his platform, nor an Israelite at his Ma'amad. Therefore let it be Your will Adonoy, our God, and God of our fathers, that the prayer of our lips be considered, and accepted and regarded favorably before You, as if we had offered the Daily offering at its appointed time, and stood in attendance at its service, as it has been said, Let the offering of our lips replace bullocks. And it is said, And he will slaughter it on the north side of the Altar, before Adonoy; and Aaron's sons, the Kohanim, will sprinkle its blood all around the Altar. And it is said, This is the law of the burnt-offering, the meal-offering, the sin-offering, the guilt-offering, the inauguration-offerings and the peace-offerings. בראש חודש מוסיפים: On Rosh Chodesh add: וּבְרָאשֵׁי חָדְשֵׁיכֶם תַּקְרִֽיבוּ עֹלָה לַיהוָֹה פָּרִים בְּנֵי־בָקָר שְׁנַֽיִם וְאַֽיִל אֶחָד כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה שִׁבְעָה תְּמִימִם: וּשְׁלשָׁה עֶשְׂרֹנִים סֹֽלֶת מִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בַשֶּֽׁמֶן לַפָּר הָאֶחָד וּשְׁ֒נֵי עֶשְׂרֹנִים סֹֽלֶת מִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בַשֶּֽׁמֶן לָאַֽיִל הָאֶחָד: וְעִשָּׂרֹן עִשָּׂרוֹן סֹֽלֶת מִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בַשֶּֽׁמֶן לַכֶּֽבֶשׂ הָאֶחָד עֹלָה רֵֽיחַ נִיחֹֽחַ אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָֹה: וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם חֲצִי הַהִין יִהְיֶה לַפָּר וּשְׁלִישִׁת הַהִין לָאַֽיִל וּרְבִיעִת הַהִין לַכֶּֽבֶשׂ יָֽיִן זֹאת עֹלַת חֹֽדֶשׁ בְּחָדְשׁוֹ לְחָדְשֵׁי הַשָּׁנָה: וּשְׂעִיר עִזִּים אֶחָד לְחַטָּאת לַיהוָֹה עַל עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד יֵעָשֶׂה וְנִסְכּוֹ: And on your Rosh Chodesh days you shall bring a burnt-offering to Adonoy. Two young bullocks, one ram, seven male yearling lambs without blemish. And three-tenths [of an epha] of fine flour for a meal-offering mixed with the [olive] oil, for each bullock; and two-tenths of fine flour for a meal-offering mixed with the [olive] oil, for the one ram. And one-tenth of fine flour each for a meal-offering mixed with the [olive] oil, for each lamb; a burnt-offering of pleasing savor, a fire-offering to Adonoy. Their libations shall be: half a hin for [each] bullock, a third of a hin for the ram, and a fourth of a hin for each lamb—wine; this is the burnt-offering of Rosh Chodesh, each Rosh Chodesh, for [all] the Rosh Chodesh days of the year. And one he-goat for a sin-offeing to Adonoy, in addition to the daily burnt-offering and its libation. קבעו לשנות אחר פרשת התמיד פרק איזהו מקומן וברייתא דרבי ישמעאל כדי שיזכה כל אדם ללמוד בכל יום מקרא משנה וגמרא. דברייתא דרבי ישמעאל הוי במקום גמרא, שהמדרש כגמרא: (שו"ע או"ח נ, א) The following sequence of Mishnayos and the selection from Sifra "Rabbi Yishmael Says," were inserted after the Scriptural selections dealing with daily-offerings in order to give every Jew the opportunity to study/recite daily, the minimum of selections from Scripture, Mishnah, and Talmud. Even though Sifra is not actually a Talmudic tractate, it is a Tanaitic expansion of Mishnah. (See Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 50:1). הא דתקינו לשנות פרק 'איזהו מקומן', לפי שאין בכל אותו פרק מחלוקת והיא משנה ברורה למשה מסיני. (ב"י) (The following are Mishnayos found in the fifth chapter of Maseches Zevachim.) משנה א אֵיזֶהוּ מְקוֹמָן שֶׁל זְבָחִים קָדְשֵׁי קָדָשִׁים שְׁחִיטָתָן בַּצָּפוֹן פָּר וְשָׂעִיר שֶׁל יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שְׁחִיטָתָן בַּצָּפוֹן וְקִבּוּל דָּמָן בִּכְלִי שָׁרֵת בַּצָּפוֹן וְדָמָן טָעוּן הַזָּיָה עַל בֵּין הַבַּדִּים וְעַל הַפָּרֹֽכֶת וְעַל מִזְבַּח הַזָּהָב מַתָּנָה אַחַת מֵהֶן מְעַכָּֽבֶת: שְׁיָרֵי הַדָּם הָיָה שׁוֹפֵךְ עַל יְסוֹד מַעֲרָבִי שֶׁל מִזְבֵּֽחַ הַחִיצוֹן אִם לֹא נָתַן לֹא עִכֵּב: MISHNAH I Where are the offerings slaughtered [in the Holy Temple?] The holiest of offerings are slaughtered on the north side [of the Altar]. The bullock and he-goat of Yom Kippur are slaughtered on the north side, and their blood is received in a sacred vessel, on the north side. Their blood must be thrown between the poles [of the Ark], and in front of the curtain and upon the Gold Altar; [omission of] any one of these applications prevents [atonement]. The remainder of the blood [in the vessel] he [the Kohein] would pour on the western base of the Outer Altar; [but] if he did not do so, it did not prevent [atonement]. משנה ב פָּרִים הַנִּשְׂרָפִים וּשְׂעִירִים הַנִּשְׂרָפִים שְׁחִיטָתָן בַּצָּפוֹן וְקִבּוּל דָּמָן בִּכְלִי שָׁרֵת בַּצָּפוֹן וְדָמָן טָעוּן הַזָּיָה עַל הַפָּרֹֽכֶת וְעַל מִזְבַּח הַזָּהָב מַתָּנָה אַחַת מֵהֶן מְעַכָּֽבֶת: שְׁיָרֵי הַדָּם הָיָה שׁוֹפֵךְ עַל יְסוֹד מַעֲרָבִי שֶׁל מִזְבֵּֽחַ הַחִיצוֹן אִם לֹא נָתַן לֹא עִכֵּב אֵֽלּוּ וָאֵֽלּוּ נִשְׂרָפִין בְּבֵית הַדָּֽשֶׁן: MISHNAH II The bullocks that are burned entirely, and the he-goats that are burned entirely, are slaughtered on the north side, and their blood is received in a sacred vessel, on the north side; their blood must be thrown in front of the curtain and upon the Gold Altar; [omission of] any one of these applications prevents [atonement]. The remainder of the blood [in the vessel] he [the Kohein] would pour on the western base of the Outer Altar; [but] if he did not do so, it did not prevent [atonement]. These [offerings] and those are burned at the place where the ashes were put. משנה ג חַטֹּאת הַצִּבּוּר וְהַיָּחִיד אֵֽלּוּ הֵן חַטֹּאת הַצִּבּוּר שְׂעִירֵי רָאשֵׁי חֳדָשִׁים וְשֶׁל מוֹעֲדוֹת שְׁחִיטָתָן בַּצָּפוֹן וְקִבּוּל דָּמָן בִּכְלִי שָׁרֵת בַּצָּפוֹן וְדָמָן טָעוּן אַרְבַּע מַתָּנוֹת עַל אַרְבַּע קְרָנוֹת, כֵּיצַד עָלָה בַכֶּֽבֶשׁ וּפָנָה לַסּוֹבֵב וּבָא לוֹ לְקֶֽרֶן דְּרוֹמִית מִזְרָחִית, מִזְרָחִית צְפוֹנִית, צְפוֹנִית מַעֲרָבִית, מַעֲרָבִית דְּרוֹמִית, שְׁיָרֵי הַדָּם הָיָה שׁוֹפֵךְ עַל יְסוֹד דְּרוֹמִי וְנֶאֱכָלִין לִפְנִים מִן הַקְּ֒לָעִים לְזִכְרֵי כְהֻנָּה בְּכָל מַאֲכָל לְיוֹם וָלַֽיְלָה עַד חֲצוֹת: MISHNAH III The communal and individual sin-offerings— these are the communal sin-offerings: The he-goats offered on Rosh Chodesh and on the Festivals are slaughtered on the north side, and their blood must be received in a sacred vessel, on the north side; their blood requires four applications [one] on each of the four corners. How [was this done]? He [the Kohein] went up the ramp [of the Altar] and turned to the ledge [bordering the Altar]; he came to the southeast corner, the northeast corner, the northwest corner, the southwest corner. He poured the rest of the blood at the southern base [of the Altar]. These offerings were eaten within the Temple Courtyard by the male Kohanim, prepared in any fashion, on that day and [the following] night until midnight. יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּ֒פָנֶֽיךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ אִם נִתְחַיַּֽבְתִּי חַטָּאת שֶּׁתְּ֒הֵא אֲמִֽירָה זוּ מְרֻצָּה לְפָנֶֽיךָ כְּאִֽלּוּ הִקְרַֽבְתִּי חַטָּאת: May it be Your will Adonoy, our God, and God of our fathers, if I have committed a sin which requires, the bringing of a sin-offering, that this recitation be acceptable before you as if I had brought a sin-offering. משנה ד הָעוֹלָה קֹֽדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים שְׁחִיטָתָהּ בַּצָּפוֹן וְקִבּוּל דָּמָהּ בִּכְלִי שָׁרֵת בַּצָּפוֹן וְדָמָהּ טָעוּן שְׁתֵּי מַתָּנוֹת שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע וּטְעוּנָה הֶפְשֵׁט וְנִתּֽוּחַ וְכָלִיל לָאִשִּׁים: MISHNAH IV The burnt-offering is one of the holiest offerings. It is slaughtered on the north side and its blood is received in a sacred vessel on the north side; its blood requires two applications which are [like] four. It must be skinned, severed into parts, and totally consumed by the fire. יְהִי רָצוֹן כְּאִֽלּוּ הִקְרַֽבְתִּי עוֹלָה: May it be Your will as if I had brought a burnt-offering. משנה ה זִבְחֵי שַׁלְמֵי צִבּוּר וַאֲשָׁמוֹת, אֵֽלּוּ הֵן אֲשָׁמוֹת אֲשַׁם גְּזֵלוֹת אֲשַׁם מְעִילוֹת אֲשַׁם שִׁפְחָה חֲרוּפָה אֲשַׁם נָזִיר אֲשַׁם מְצוֹרָע אָשָׁם תָּלוּי, שְׁחִיטָתָן בַּצָּפוֹן וְקִבּוּל דָּמָן בִּכְלִי שָׁרֵת בַּצָּפוֹן, וְדָמָן טָעוּן שְׁתֵּי מַתָּנוֹת שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע, וְנֶאֱכָלִין לִפְנִים מִן הַקְּ֒לָעִים לְזִכְרֵי כְהֻנָּה בְּכָל מַאֲכָל לְיוֹם וָלַֽיְלָה עַד חֲצוֹת: MISHNAH V Communal peace-offerings and guilt-offerings. These are the guilt-offerings: the guilt-offering for robbery, the guilt-offering for unauthorized use of sacred objects, the guilt-offering for violating a betrothed handmaiden, the guilt-offering of a Nazirite, the guilt-offering of a metzora, the guilt-offering for suspension. These are slaughtered on the north side and their blood received in a sacred vessel on the north side; their blood requires two applications which are [like] four. These [offerings] were eaten within the Courtyard by the male Kohanim, prepared for eating in any fashion. On that day and [the following] night until midnight. יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּ֒פָנֶֽיךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ אִם נִתְחַיַּֽבְתִּי אָשָׁם שֶּׁתְּ֒הֵא אֲמִֽירָה זוּ מְרֻצָּה לְפָנֶֽיךָ כְּאִֽלּוּ הִקְרַֽבְתִּי אָשָׁם: May it be Your will Adonoy, our God, and God our our fathers, if I have committed a sin which requires the bringing of a guilt-offering that this recitation be acceptable before You as if I had brought a guilt-offering. משנה ו הַתּוֹדָה וְאֵיל נָזִיר קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים שְׁחִיטָתָן בְּכָל־מָקוֹם בָּעֲזָרָה וְדָמָן טָעוּן שְׁתֵּי מַתָּנוֹת שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע, וְנֶאֱכָלִין בְּכָל־הָעִיר לְכָל־אָדָם בְּכָל־מַאֲכָל לְיוֹם וָלַֽיְלָה עַד־חֲצוֹת, הַמּוּרָם מֵהֶם כַּיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם אֶלָּא שֶׁהַמּוּרָם נֶאֱכָל לַכֹּהֲנִים לִנְשֵׁיהֶם וְלִבְנֵיהֶם וּלְעַבְדֵיהֶם: MISHNAH VI The thanksgiving-offering and the ram of the Nazirite are of lesser sanctity. They are slaughtered anywhere in the Temple Courtyard, and their blood requires two applications which are [like] four; they may be eaten anywhere in the city by anyone, and prepared for eating in any fashion, [and may be eaten] on that day and the following night until midnight. The portion given to the Kohanim, has the same rule, but may be eaten only by the Kohanim, their wives, children, and slaves. יְהִי רָצוֹן כְּאִֽלּוּ הִקְרַֽבְתִּי תּוֹדָה: May it be Your will as if I brought a thanksgiving-offering. משנה ז שְׁלָמִים קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים שְׁחִיטָתָן בְּכָל מָקוֹם בָּעֲזָרָה וְדָמָן טָעוּן שְׁתֵּי מַתָּנוֹת שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע, וְנֶאֱכָלִין בְּכָל הָעִיר לְכָל אָדָם בְּכָל מַאֲכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַֽיְלָה אֶחָד: הַמּוּרָם מֵהֶם כַּיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם אֶלָּא שֶׁהַמּוּרָם נֶאֱכָל לַכֹּהֲנִים לִנְשֵׁיהֶם וְלִבְנֵיהֶם וּלְעַבְדֵיהֶם: MISHNAH VII The peace-offerings are [also] of lesser sanctity. They are slaughtered anywhere in the Courtyard, and their blood requires two applications which are [like] four. They may be eaten anywhere in the city by anyone, and prepared for eating in any fashion, for two days and one night. The portion given to the Kohanim has the same rule, but may be eaten only by the Kohanim, their wives, children, and slaves. יְהִי רָצוֹן כְּאִֽלּוּ הִקְרַֽבְתִּי שְׁלָמִים: May it be Your will as if I brought a peace-offering. משנה ח הַבְּ֒כוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר וְהַפֶּֽסַח קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים שְׁחִיטָתָן בְּכָל מָקוֹם בָּעֲזָרָה וְדָמָן טָעוּן מַתָּנָה אֶחָת וּבִלְבָד שֶׁיִּתֵּן כְּנֶֽגֶד הַיְסוֹד, שִׁנָּה בַאֲכִילָתָן הַבְּ֒כוֹר נֶאֱכָל לַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר לְכָל אָדָם, וְנֶאֱכָלִין בְּכָל הָעִיר בְּכָל מַאֲכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַֽיְלָה אֶחָד: הַפֶּֽסַח אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בַלַּֽיְלָה וְאֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא עַד חֲצוֹת וְאֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִמְנוּיָו וְאֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא צָלִי: MISHNAH VIII Firstborn animals, the tithe of cattle and the Passover-offering (Pascal lamb) are [also] of lesser sanctity. They are slaughtered anywhere in the Temple Courtyard, and their blood requires one application provided that it is applied above the base (of the Altar). They differ in their consumption: The firstborn is eaten only by Kohanim, while the tithe may be eaten by any person. They may be eaten anywhere in the city, and prepared for eating in any fashion, and may be eaten for two days and one night. The Pascal lamb must be eaten only at night and only until midnight; and it may not be eaten except by those registered for it, and it may only be eaten when spit-roasted. Weekday Shacharit, B'raita d'Rabi Yishmael רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר בִּשְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה מִדּוֹת הַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶֽשֶׁת בָּהֵן: מִקַּל וָחֹֽמֶר, וּמִגְּ֒זֵרָה שָׁוָה, מִבִּנְיַן אָב מִכָּתוּב אֶחָד, וּמִבִּנְיַן אָב מִשְּׁ֒נֵי כְתוּבִים, מִכְּ֒לָל וּפְרָט, וּמִפְּ֒רָט וּכְלָל, כְּלָל וּפְרָט וּכְלָל אִי אַתָּה דָן אֶלָּא כְּעֵין הַפְּ֒רָט, מִכְּ֒לָל שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לִפְרָט וּמִפְּ֒רָט שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לִכְלָל, כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא מִן הַכְּ֒לָל לְלַמֵּד לֹא לְלַמֵּד עַל עַצְמוֹ יָצָא אֶלָּא לְלַמֵּד עַל הַכְּ֒לָל כֻּלּוֹ יָצָא, כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא לִטְעֹן טֹֽעַן אֶחָד שֶׁהוּא כְעִנְיָנוֹ יָצָא לְהָקֵל וְלֹא לְהַחֲמִיר, כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא לִטְעֹן טֹֽעַן אַחֵר שֶׁלֹּא כְעִנְיָנוֹ יָצָא לְהָקֵל וּלְהַחֲמִיר, כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא לִדּוֹן בַּדָּבָר הֶחָדָשׁ אִי אַתָּה יָכוֹל לְהַחֲזִירוֹ לִכְלָלוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִירֶֽנּוּ הַכָּתוּב לִכְלָלוֹ בְּפֵרוּשׁ, דָּבָר הַלָּמֵד מֵעִנְיָנוֹ וְדָבָר הַלָּמֵד מִסּוֹפוֹ, וְכֵן שְׁנֵי כְתוּבִים הַמַּכְחִישִׁים זֶה אֶת זֶה עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא הַכָּתוּב הַשְּׁ֒לִישִׁי וְיַכְרִֽיעַ בֵּינֵיהֶם: Rabbi Yishmael says: through thirteen methods the Torah is expounded: 1) A conclusion drawn from a minor or lenient law, to a major or more strict one. 2) A clarification based on identical words or terms in the Biblical text. 3) A principle derived from one Biblical text or from two Biblical texts. 4) A rule followed by a detail. 5) A detail followed by a rule. 6) A rule followed by a detail, which is in turn followed by a rule, may infer only what is similar to the detail. 7) When a general rule requires an explicit rule; when an explicit rule requires generalization. 8) Something included in a general rule, which was singled out to teach— was not singled out to teach about itself, but to teach (something new) concerning the rule as a whole. 9) Something that was included in a rule and was singled out in a case similar to its rule, —it was singled out to lessen not to increase the severity of the case. 10) Something that was included in a rule and was singled out in a case which is not similar to its rule, —it was singled out either to lessen or to increase the severity of the case. 11) Something that was included in a rule and was singled out for a new stipulation— does not revert to its rule unless Scripture restores it to its rule expressly. 12) A matter deduced from its context, or from a subsequent expression. 13) Also, two passages that contradict each other until a third passage reconciles them. יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּ֒פָנֶֽיךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ שֶׁיִּבָּנֶה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בִּמְהֵרָה בְיָמֵֽינוּ וְתֵן חֶלְקֵֽנוּ בְּתוֹרָתֶֽךָ: וְשָׁם נַעֲבָדְךָ בְּיִרְאָה כִּימֵי עוֹלָם וּכְשָׁנִים קַדְמוֹנִיּוֹת: May it be Your will Adonoy, our God and God of our fathers, that the Holy Temple be rebuilt speedily in our days: and grant us our share in Your Torah. And there we will serve You reverently as in the days of old, and in earlier years. מה שאנו אומרין הקדיש בלשון תרגום, יש אומרים מפני המלאכים שלא יתקנאו בנו שאנו משבחים שבח נאה כזה ואם יבינו המלאכים זה יקטרגו עלינו, על כן אומרים אותו בלשון שלא יבינו, שאינן מכירין ארמית. ויש מפרשים הטעם לפי שהיו רגילין לומר אותו אחר הדרשה והיו שם עמי הארץ שאינן מכירין אלא ארמית שהוא לשונם לכן נהגו לאומרו בלשון שהכל מבינין בו (ע"פ טור או"ח נו) Kaddish is not the name generally given to this prayer in the Talmud. It is referred to there as "May His great Name...", because the congregational response beginning with these words is the heart of this prayer. Only in one minor tractate, (Maseches Soferim 16, 19, and 21) is it referred to as Kaddish. Composed primarily in Aramaic, the language spoken and understood by most Jews in the Second Temple period (See Tosafos to Maseches Berachos 3a), nevertheless, several Hebrew phrases, which were familiar even to the unschooled, were also incorporated in the prayer. This particular form of Kaddish d'Rabanan, is so named because of the insertion of the paragraph which begins with the words "Upon Israel and upon our Sages, etc." This Kaddish is recited following the study of Talmud or Midrash and invokes God's blessings on the Sages of Jewry, the transmitters of the Oral Torah. יִתְגַּדַּל וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא בְּעָלְ֒מָא דִּי בְרָא כִרְעוּתֵהּ וְיַמְלִיךְ מַלְכוּתֵהּ וְיַצְמַח פּוּרְקָנֵהּ וִיקָרֵב (קֵץ) מְשִׁיחֵהּ. בְּחַיֵּיכוֹן וּבְיוֹמֵיכוֹן וּבְחַיֵּי דְכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל, בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן Exalted and sanctified be His great Name in the world which He created according to His will and may He rule His kingdom bring forth His redemption and hasten the coming of His Mashiach. In your lifetime and in your days, and in the lifetime of the entire House of Israel, speedily and in the near future— and say Amein.